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The Normans, from who we are descended

2007-01-11T12:26:00.000-08:00

The Bruce family was of Norman origin, an Adam de Brus had come over to England with the army of William the Conqueror. De Brus had been granted lands in Yorkshire but the family had added to this inheritance by acquiring considerable lands in Huntingdonshire and in Annandale, Scotland. Robert's mother's family was of Scots Gaelic descent.

Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale
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Robert I de Brus (died 1142) was an early 12th century Norman baron and knight, responsible for founding the Bruce dynasty of Britain.
According to early modern historiographical tradition, he was supposedly the son of a Norman noble named Robert de Brus (sometimes Adam de Brus) who came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066 and died in 1094. The latter's existence though is now discredited. Robert seems in fact to have come from Brix, near Cherbourg in the Cotentin Peninsula, and came to Britain after King Henry I of England's conquest of Normandy. David fitz Malcolm (after 1124, King David I of Scotland) was present with King Henry and was given much of the Cotentin Peninsula. Robert's presences and absences at Henry's court seem to coincide with David's, and Robert was undoubtedly present when David forced King Alexander I of Scotland to hand over a large chunk of land in southern Scotland around 1113. David probably made Robert Lord of Annandale sometime soon after this, and when David became King of Scots in 1124, one of his first acts was to confirm Brus in his Annandale possessions.
After the death of King Henry, David turned against Henry's successor Stephen. On this basis Robert and David fell out, and Robert renounced his homage to David before the Battle of the Standard in 1138. Robert had two sons by Agnes, daughter of Geoffrey Bainard, sheriff of York. His older son Adam also allegedly fought against David at the Battle of the Standard, but his younger son Robert chose to remain in David's allegiance, fighting against his own father. It was the younger Robert who was given possession of Annandale. Adam and his descendents continued to hold lands in England as Lord of Skelton. Robert the elder died in 1142.
Robert was also a monastic patron, and is most remembered as the founder of Guisborough Priory in Yorkshire.

[edit] References
Duncan, A.A.M., ‘Brus , Robert (I) de, lord of Annandale (d. 1142)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 14 Nov 2006
Oram, Richard, David: The King Who Made Scotland, (Gloucestershire, 2004)
Preceded byNew Creation
Lord of Annandale1113 x 1124-1138
Succeeded byRobert II de Brus
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Brus%2C_1st_Lord_of_Annandale"
Categories: 1142 deaths House of Bruce French nobility Natives of Manche
The Normans

Normans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the people. For other uses, see Norman.

Norman conquests in red.
The Normans (adapted from the name "Northmen" or "Norsemen") were a people who colonized Normandy, conquered most of England, and played a major political, military and cultural role in the northern and Mediterranean parts of medieval Europe for centuries. Their most famous achievement was the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.
Originally they derived from the indigenous populations of eastern Brittany and western Flanders, including their Viking lords from Scandinavia. They began to occupy the northern area of France now known as Normandy in the latter half of the 9th century. In 911, Charles the Simple, king of France, granted the invaders the small lower Seine area, which expanded over time to become the Duchy of Normandy. The invaders were under the leadership of Hrolf, who later became known under his latinized name Rollo who swore allegiance to Charles the Simple.
The Norman people adopted Christianity and the Gallo-Romance language and created a new cultural identity separate from that of their Scandinavian forebears and French neighbours. Norman culture, like that of many other migrant communities, was particularly enterprising and adaptable. For a time, it led them to occupy widely dispersed territories throughout Europe.
Contents[hide]
1 Norman characteristics
2 Normans and Normandy
3 Normans in England
4 Normans in Wales
5 Normans in Scotland
6 Normans in Ireland
7 Normans in the Mediterranean
7.1 Architectural heritage
7.2 Rulers
7.3 Other famous Normans of the South
8 Normans in the East
9 Normans on Crusade
10 Bibliography
10.1 Primary sources
10.2 External links
//

[edit] Norman characteristics
Normans should not be confused with other Viking groups, such as the Vikings known as Danes in England and the Vikings known as Rus in Russia.
Geoffrey Malaterra characterized the Normans as "specially marked by cunning, despising their own inheritance in the hope of winning a greater, eager after both gain and dominion, given to imitation of all kinds, holding a certain mean between lavishness and greediness, that is, perhaps uniting, as they certainly did, these two seemingly opposite qualities. Their chief men were specially lavish through their desire of good report. They were, moreover, a race skillful in flattery, given to the study of eloquence, so that the very boys were orators, a race altogether unbridled unless held firmly down by the yoke of justice. They were enduring of toil, hunger, and cold whenever fortune laid it on them, given to hunting and hawking, delighting in the pleasure of horses, and of all the weapons and garb of war."
That quick adaptability Geoffrey mentions expressed itself in the shrewd Norman willingness to take on local men of talent, to marry the high-born local women; confidently illiterate Norman masters used the literate clerks of the church for their own purpose. Their success at assimilating was so thorough, few modern traces remain, whether in Palermo or Kiev.

[edit] Normans and Normandy
Geographically, Normandy was approximately the same region as the old church province of Rouen and what was called Brittania Nova as well as western Flanders. It had no natural frontiers and was previously merely an administrative unit. Its population was mostly Gallo-Roman with a small Frankish/Germanic people admixture, plus Viking settlers, who had begun arriving in the 880s, and who were divided between a small colony in Upper (or eastern) Normandy and a larger one in Lower (or western) Normandy.
In the course of the 10th century the initial destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of Gaul evolved into more permanent encampments that included women and chattel. The pagan culture was driven underground by the Christian faith and Gallo-Romance language of the local people. The small group of Vikings that settled in assimilated to the Gallo-Romance majority. After a generation or two, the Normans were generally indistinguishable from their French neighbours. With the zeal of new converts they set forth in the 11th century from their solid base in Normandy.
In Normandy they adopted the growing feudal doctrines of France, and worked them, both in Normandy and in England, into a logical system.
The Norman warrior class was new and different from the old French aristocracy, many of whom could trace their families back to Carolingian times, while the Normans could seldom cite ancestors before the beginning of the 11th century. Most knights remained poor and land-hungry; by 1066, Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation. Knighthood before the time of the Crusades held little social status, and simply indicated that a man was a professional warrior and wealthy enough to own a war horse. Many Normans of France and Britain would eventually serve as avid Crusaders.
The Norman language forged by the adoption of the indigenous oïl language by a Norse-speaking ruling class developed into the regional language which survives today.

[edit] Normans in England
See also: Norman conquest of England, Anglo-Norman, Norman Yoke, Norman architecture, and Domesday Book

Siege of a motte-and-bailey castle from the Bayeux Tapestry.
The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their pagan Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, but they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013, when he was forced from his kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard. His stay in Normandy (until 1016) influenced him and his sons by Emma, who stayed in Normandy after Canute the Great's conquest of the isle. When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Hardecanute, he brought with him a very Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters. He even hired a small number of Normans to train and establish an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it is a typical example of the attitudes of Edward. He appointed Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury and made Ralph the Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II of Boulogne to his court in 1051, an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between Saxon and Norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex.
In 1066, the most famous Norman leader, Duke William II of Normandy, conquered England. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. After an initial period of resentment and rebellion, the two populations largely intermarried and merged, combining languages and traditions. Normans began to identify themselves as Anglo-Norman; indeed, the Anglo-Norman language was considerably distinct from the "Parisian French", which was the subject of some humour by Geoffrey Chaucer. Eventually, even this distinction largely disappeared in the course of the Hundred Years war, with the Anglo-Norman aristocracy increasingly identifying themselves as English, and the Anglo-Norman and Anglo-Saxon languages merging to form Middle English.

[edit] Normans in Wales
See also: Cambro-Norman

Chepstow Castle in Wales, first built by William fitzOsbern in 1067.
Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales.
Subsequent to the Conquest, however, the Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons, including Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire. These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was at some point subject to Norman interference. Norman words, such as baron (barwn), first entered Welsh at that time.

[edit] Normans in Scotland
See also: Scotland in the High Middle Ages and Scoto-Norman
One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm Canmore of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as the Firth of Tay where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William, and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the English King.
Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings such as Robert the Bruce as well as founding some of the Scottish clans in the Highlands. King David I of Scotland was instrumental in introducing Normans and Norman culture to Scotland, having spent time at the court of Henry I of England who was married to David's sister Maud of Scotland, the process was continued under David's successors. The Norman feudal system was applied to the Scottish Lowlands, but the influence on Lowland Scots language was limited.

[edit] Normans in Ireland
See also: Norman Ireland, Castles in the Republic of Ireland, and Hiberno-Norman

Norman keep in Trim, County Meath.
The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history. While initially the Normans in the 12th century kept themselves as a distinct culture and ethnicity, they were quickly subsumed into Ireland, and it is often said that they became more Irish than the Irish themselves. The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as the Pale, and also built many fine castles and settlements, including Trim Castle and Dublin Castle. Both cultures intermixed, borrowing from each other's language, culture and outlook.

[edit] Normans in the Mediterranean
See also: Italo-Norman
Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold far to the south of Normandy. Probably the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans entered the Mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino, pilgrims returning from Jerusalem called in at the port of Salerno, when a Saracen attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar IV begged them to stay, but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the prince's request. William of Apulia tells that, in 1016, pilgrims to the shrine of the Archangel Michael at Monte Gargano were met by Melus of Bari, a Lombard freedom-fighter, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the Byzantine rule, and so they did.
The two most prominent families to arrive in the Mediterranean were the descendants of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengots, of whom Rainulf Drengot received the county of Aversa, the first Norman toehold in the south, from Duke Sergius IV of Naples in 1030. The Hautevilles achieved princely status when they proclaimed Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno "Duke of Apulia and Calabria". He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm, with the title of count with his capital of Melfi. Soon the Drengots had attained unto the principality of Capua and the Emperor Henry III had legally ennobled the Hauteville leader, Drogo, as dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae in 1047.

Cathedral at Cefalù, note the combined Arab and Norman influences.
From these bases, the Normans were eventually able to capture Sicily and Malta from the Saracens under the famous Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville, and his young brother Roger the Great Count. Roger's son, Roger II, was crowned king in 1130 (exactly one century after Rainulf was "crowned" count) by Pope Anacletus II. The kingdom of Sicily lasted until 1194, when it fell to the Hohenstaufens through marriage.
The Normans left their mark however in the many castles, such as the Iron Arm's fortress at Squillace, and cathedrals, such as Roger II's at Cefalù, which dot the landscape and give a wholly distinct architectural flavour to accompany its unique history. Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and Lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a completely unique government. Under this state, there was great religious freedom, and alongside the Norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureacracy of Jews, Moslems, and Christians, both Catholic and Orthodox.

[edit] Architectural heritage
Squillace
Monreale Cathedral
Cefalù
Palermo
Venosa
Canosa di Puglia
Salerno

[edit] Rulers
List of Counts and Dukes of Apulia and Calabria
List of Counts of Aversa
List of Princes of Capua
List of Dukes of Gaeta
List of Princes of Taranto
List of Kings of Sicily

[edit] Other famous Normans of the South
Gilbert Buatère
Osmond Drengot
Peter of Trani
Hugh Tubœuf
Tristan of Montepeloso
Asclettin of Acerenza
Mauger of Hauteville
William of the Principate
Geoffrey of Hauteville
Serlo II of Hauteville
Roussel de Bailleul
Guy of Hauteville
Robert Scalio
Bohemond of Taranto
Jordan of Hauteville
Tancred of Hauteville
Jordan of Ariano
Alfonso of Hauteville
Goffredo Malaterra
William of Apulia
Andrew of Rupecanina
Roger of Andria

[edit] Normans in the East
Soon after the Normans first began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and soon thereafter Armenia against the Pechenegs, Bulgars, and especially Seljuk Turks. The Norman mercenaries first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines were soon fighting in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside Varangian and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaches of 1038-40.
One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Comnenus. In the 1060s, one Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor and had the support of the local population, but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Comnenus. From 1073 to 1074, 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the Armenian general Philaretus Brachamius were Normans led by Raimbaud. They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: Afranji, meaning "Franks."

[edit] Normans on Crusade

Crusader States after 1099. Antioch in orange.
The legendary piety of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Spain. In 1018, Roger de Tony travelled to Spain to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands, but failed. In 1064, during the War of Barbastro, William of Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty.
In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city. Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.

[edit] Bibliography
David Bates, Normandy before 1066, London 1982
Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie. Paris, 1907.
Chibnall, Marjorie. The Normans, The Peoples of Europe, Oxford 2000
Crouch, David. The Normans: The History of a Dynasty. Hambledon & London, 2003.
Gillingham, John. The Angevin Empire, end ed., London 2001.
Gravett, Christopher, and Nicolle, David. The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles. Osprey Publishing: Oxford, 2006.
Green, Judith A. The Aristocracy of Norman England. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Harper-Bill, Christopher and Elisabeth Van Houts, eds. A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World Boydell Press. 2003
Haskins, Charles H. Norman Institutions, 1918
Maitland, F. W. Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England. 2d ed. Cambridge University Press, 1988. (feudal Saxons)
R. Mortimer, Angevin England 1154—1258, Oxford 1994.
Muhlbergher, Stephen, Medieval England (Saxon social demotions)
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. Longman: London, 1970.
Robertson, A. J., ed. and trans. Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I. AMS Press, 1974. (Mudrum fine)
Painter, Sidney. A History of the Middle Ages 284−1500. New York, 1953.

[edit] Primary sources
Elisabeth van Houts, ed. The Normans in Europe Manchester Medieval Sources, Manchester 2000.
Medieval History Texts in Translation from Leeds University.

[edit] External links
Dudo of St. Quentin's Gesta Normannorum, English translation
The Normans, a European People, by the European Commission
Breve Chronicon Northmannicum (Latin).
The Normans Jersey heritage trust (pdf)
Wales History — The Norman Wars.

William the Conqueror

William I of England
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William I the Conqueror
King of the English; Duke of Normandy (more...)

The Duke of Normandy in the Bayeux Tapestry
Reign
25 December 1066 — 9 September 1087
Coronation
25 December 1066
Predecessor
Harold IINormandy: Robert II the Magnificent
Successor
William II RufusNormandy: Robert III Curthose
Consort
Matilda of Flanders (1031 — 1083)
Issue
Robert III Curthose William II Rufus Adela, Countess of Blois Henry I Beauclerc among others...
Father
Robert II the Magnificent
Mother
Herlette of Falaise
Born
1024-1028 Falaise, France
Died
9 September 1087Convent of St. Gervais, Rouen
Burial
Saint-Étienne de Caen, France
William of Normandy (French: Guillaume de Normandie; c. 1028 — 9 September 1087) ruled as the Duke of Normandy from 1035 to 1087 and as King of England from 1066 to 1087. William invaded England, won a victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest. No authentic portrait of William has been found but he was described as a muscular man, strong in every sense of the word, balding in front, and of regal dignity.
In the present nomenclature, William was Duke of Normandy as William II and King of England as William I. He is also known as William the Conqueror (Guillaume le Conquérant) and William the Bastard (Guillaume le Bâtard).
Contents[hide]
1 Early life
2 Conquest of England
3 William's reign
4 Death, burial, and succession
5 Genealogy
6 Children of William and Matilda
7 Direct descent from William I to Elizabeth II
8 See also
9 Further reading
10 References
11 External links
//

[edit] Early life
The sole son of Robert the Magnificent and Herleva, most likely the daughter of a local tanner named Fulbert, William was born illegitimate in Falaise, Normandy. The exact date of birth is uncertain, but is known to have been either in 1027 or 1028, and more likely in the autumn of the latter year.[1] He was the grandnephew of Queen Emma, wife of King Ethelred the Unready and later of King Canute.
William succeeded to his father's Duchy of Normandy at the young age of seven in 1035 and was known as Duke William II of Normandy (Fr. Guillaume II, duc de Normandie). He lost three guardians to plots to usurp his place. Count Alan of Brittany was a later guardian. King Henry I of France knighted him at the age of 15. By the time he turned 19 he was successfully dealing with threats of rebellion and invasion. With the assistance of King Henry, William finally secured control of Normandy by defeating the rebel Norman barons at Caen in the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes in 1047.
He married his cousin Matilda of Flanders, against the wishes of the pope in 1053 at the Cathedral of Notre Dame at Eu, Normandy (now in Seine-Maritime). At the time, William was 26 and Matilda was 22. Their marriage produced four sons and six daughters (see list below).
His half-brothers Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain played significant roles in his life. He also had a sister, Adelaide of Normandy.

[edit] Conquest of England
Main article: Norman Conquest
Upon the death of William's cousin King Edward the Confessor of England (January 1066), William claimed the throne of England, asserting that the childless and purportedly celibate Edward had named him his heir during a visit by William (probably in 1052) and that Harold Godwinson, England's foremost magnate and brother-in-law of the late King Edward the Confessor, had reportedly pledged his support while shipwrecked in Normandy (c. 1064). Harold made this pledge while in captivity and was reportedly tricked into swearing on a saint's bones that he would give the throne to William. Even if this story is true, however, Harold made the promise under duress and so may have felt free to break it. More realistically, by the mid 1050s, Harold was effectively ruling England through the weak King Edward and was unlikely to surrender the throne to a foreign noble.
English Royalty
House of Normandy
Image:Norman Arms.png
William I
Robert III Curthose, Duke of Normandy
William II Rufus
Adela, Countess of Blois
Henry I Beauclerc
The assembly of England's leading nobles known as the Witenagemot approved Harold Godwinson’s coronation which took place on 5 January 1066 making him King Harold II of England. In order to pursue his own claim, William obtained the support of the Pope Alexander II for his cause. He assembled a Norman invasion fleet of around 600 ships and an army of 7000 men. He landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September 1066 and assembled a prefabricated wooden castle (Motte-and-bailey) near Hastings as a base. This was a direct provocation to Harold Godwinson as this area of Sussex was Harold's own personal estate, and William began immediately to lay waste to the land. It may have prompted Harold to respond immediately and in haste rather than await reinforcements in London.
King Harold Godwinson was in the north of England and had just defeated another rival, Harald III of Norway, supported by his own brother Tostig. He marched an army of similar size to William's 250 miles in 9 days to challenge him at the crucial battle of Senlac, which later became known as the Battle of Hastings. This took place on 14 October 1066. According to some accounts, perhaps based on an interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry commemorating the Norman victory, Harold was allegedly killed by an arrow through the eye, and the English forces fled giving William victory.
This was the defining moment of what is now known as the Norman Conquest. Unable to enter London, William travelled to Wallingford, was welcomed in by Wigod who supported his cause. This is where the first submissions took place including that of the Archbishop of Canterbury.[2] The remaining Anglo-Saxon noblemen surrendered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire and he was acclaimed King of England there. William was then crowned on 25 December 1066 in Westminster Abbey.
Although the south of England submitted quickly to Norman rule, resistance continued, especially in the North for six more years until 1072. Harold's illegitimate sons attempted an invasion of the south-west peninsula. Uprisings occurred in the Welsh Marches and at Stafford. Separate attempts at invasion by the Danes and the Scots also occurred. William's defeat of these led to what became known as the harrying of the North, in which Northumbria was laid waste as revenge and to deny his enemies its resources. The last serious resistance came with the Revolt of the Earls in 1075. It is estimated that one-fifth of the population of England was killed during these years by war, massacre, and starvation.

[edit] William's reign
William initiated many major changes. In 1085, in order to ascertain the extent of his new dominions and maximize taxation, William commissioned the compilation of the Domesday Book, a survey of England's productive capacity similar to a modern census. He also ordered many castles, keeps, and mottes, among them the Tower of London, to be built across England to ensure that the rebellions by the English people or his own followers would not succeed. His conquest also led to Norman replacing English as the language of the ruling classes for nearly 300 years.

The signatures of William I and Matilda are the first two large crosses on the Accord of Winchester from 1072.
William is said to have deported some of the Anglo-Saxon land owning classes into slavery through Bristol.[citation needed] Many of the latter ended up in Umayyad Spain and Moorish lands. Ownership of nearly all land in England and titles to religious and public offices were given to Normans. Many surviving Anglo-Saxon nobles emigrated to other European kingdoms.

[edit] Death, burial, and succession
William died at the age of 59, at the Convent of St Gervais, near Rouen, France, on 9 September 1087 from abdominal injuries received from his saddle pommel when he fell off a horse at the Siege of Mantes. William was buried in the church of St. Stephen in Caen, Normandy. In a most unregal postmortem, his corpulent body would not fit in the stone sarcophagus, and burst after some unsuccessful prodding by the assembled bishops, filling the chapel with a foul smell and dispersing the mourners. [3]
William was succeeded in 1087 as King of England by his younger son William Rufus and as Duke of Normandy by his elder son Robert Curthose. This led to the Rebellion of 1088. His youngest son Henry also became King of England later, after William II died without a child to succeed him.

[edit] Genealogy

Diagram based on the information found on Wikipedia
Every English monarch down to Queen Elizabeth II is a direct descendant of William the Conqueror as well as Alfred the Great and King Coel (Old King Cole of the nursery rhyme.)

[edit] Children of William and Matilda
Some doubt exists over how many daughters there were. This list includes some entries which are obscure.
Robert Curthose (c. 1054–1134), Duke of Normandy, married Sybil of Conversano, daughter of Geoffrey of Conversano
Adeliza (or Alice) (c. 1055–?), reportedly betrothed to Harold II of England (Her existence is in some doubt.)
Cecilia (or Cecily) (c. 1056–1126), Abbess of Holy Trinity, Caen
William Rufus (1056–1100), King of England
Richard (1057-c. 1081), killed by a stag in New Forest
Adela (c. 1062–1138), married Stephen, Count of Blois
Gundred (c. 1063–1085), married William de Warenne (c. 1055–1088) Some scholars question whether Gundred was an illegitimate child of William I or merely a step-daughter, foundling or adopted daughter. See discussion pages for further information.
Agatha (c. 1064–c. 1080), betrothed to (1) Harold of Wessex, (2) Alfonso VI of Castile
Constance (c. 1066–1090), married Alan IV Fergent, Duke of Brittany; poisoned, possibly by her own servants
Matilda (very obscure, her existence is in some doubt)
Henry Beauclerc (1068–1135), King of England, married (1) Edith of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm III, King of Scotland, (2) Adeliza of Louvain

[edit] Direct descent from William I to Elizabeth II
Main article: Direct descent from William I to Elizabeth II

[edit] See also
Rankilor

[edit] Further reading
David Bates, William the Conqueror (1989) ISBN 978-0-7524-1980-0
David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror; the Norman Impact Upon England (1964) [no ISBN]
David Howarth, 1066 The Year of the Conquest (1977) ISBN 0-14-005850-5
H. F. M. Prescott, Son of Dust (1932)
Anne Savage, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles ISBN 978-1-85833-478-3, pub.CLB, 1997

[edit] References
^ The official web site of the British Monarchy puts his birth at "around 1028", which may reasonably be taken as definitive.The frequently encountered date of 14 October 1024 is likely spurious. It was promulgated by Thomas Roscoe (1791-1871) in his 1846 biography The life of William the Conqueror. The year 1024 is apparently calculated from the fictive deathbed confession of William recounted by Ordericus Vitalis (who was about twelve when the Conqueror died); in it William allegedly claimed to be about sixty-three or four years of age at his death in 1087. The birth day and month are suspiciously the same as those of the Battle of Hastings. This date claim, repeated by other Victorian historians (e.g. Jacob Abbott), has been entered unsourced into the LDS genealogical database, and has found its way thence into countless personal genealogies. Cf. The Conqueror and His Companions by J.R. Planché, Somerset Herald. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1874.
^ http://www.berkshirehistory.com/villages/wallingford.html
^ http://historyhouse.com/in_history/william/

[edit] External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
William I of England
History of William I's life and reign. Official web site of the British Monarchy
Documentary - The Making of England: William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror. by E. A. Freeman (1823-1892). Ebook published via Gutenberg Project.
Illustrated biography of William the Conqueror
William I of England At Find A Grave
History House: William the Conqueror
Preceded byEdgar Ætheling
King of England1066–1087
Succeeded byWilliam II
Preceded byRobert the Magnificent
Duke of Normandy1035–1087
Succeeded byRobert Curthose
v • d • eMonarchs of England[hide]

Pre-conquestAlfred • Edward the Elder • Ælfweard • Athelstan • Edmund I • Edred • Edwy • Edgar I • Edward the Martyr • Ethelred • Sweyn I*† • Edmund II • Canute*† • Harold I • Harthacanute* • Edward the Confessor • Harold II • Edgar IIPost-conquestWilliam I • William II • Henry I • Stephen • Matilda • Henry II • Richard I • John • Henry III • Edward I • Edward II • Edward III • Richard II • Henry IV • Henry V • Henry VI • Edward IV • Edward V • Richard III • Henry VII • Henry VIII‡ • Edward VI‡ • Lady Jane Grey ‡ • Mary I‡ • Elizabeth I‡ • James I‡§ • Charles I‡§ • Interregnum • Charles II‡§ • James II‡§ • William III‡§¶ and Mary II‡§ (as co-monarchs William & Mary) • William III‡§¶ (own reign) • Anne‡§
* also Monarch of Denmark • † also Monarch of Norway • ‡ also Monarch of Ireland • § also Monarch of Scotland • ¶ also Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijssel and Drenthe

Books on the Normans

Total Items: 194
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The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guisc
by Kenneth Baxter Wolf (Translator)
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The Words of Bernfrieda: A Chronicle of Hauteville : The Chronicle of the Life of Fredesenda Wife Oftancred of Hauteville and Mother of Robert Guiscard Duke of Apulia and rogi
by Gabriella Brooke
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Mosaics of Norman Sicily
by Otto Demus

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The Normans in Sicily: Being a sequel to
by Henry Gally Knight
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Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily (Culture and Civilisation in the Middle East)
by Dr Ale Metcalfe
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William the Conqueror
by Thomas B. Costain, Jack Coggins (Illustrator)
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A Traveller's Guide to the Scotland of Robert the Bruce
by Nigel G. Tranter

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Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1212-1314
by Alan Young
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King Robert the Bruce
by A. F. Murison
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Bannockburn 1314: Robert Bruce's Great Victory (Praeger Illustrated Military History)
by Pete Armstrong
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Robert Bruce, King of Scots
by Agnes Mure Mackenzie

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Robert Bruce: And the Community of the Realm of Scotland
by G. W. S. Barrow
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England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225 (New Oxford History of England)
by Robert Bartlett
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The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium
by Robert Lacey, Danny Danziger
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William Wallace: Brave Heart
by James MacKay
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William Wallace: Guardian of Scotland
by A. F. Murison
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William Wallace
by Andrew Fisher
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On the Trail of William Wallace (On the Trail of)
by David R Ross
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On the Trail of Robert the Bruce (On the Trail of)
by David R Ross
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The Normans in Europe (Manchester Medieval Sources)
by Elizabeth Van Houts
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The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Northern Conquest (The Medieval World)
by Graham Loud
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The Domesday Inquest
by Adolphus Ballard
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Domesday England (Cambridge Paperback Library)
by H. C. Darby
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William the Conqueror
by E.A. Freeman
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Robert the Bruce
by Colm Mcnamee
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Total Items: 194
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Total Items: 194
<< Prev Page 2 of 8 Next >>

The Normans in Sicily: The Normans in the South 1016-1130 and the Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194
by John Julius Norwich
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Norman Kingdom of Sicily, The (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks)
by Donald Matthew
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Yale English Monarchs - William the Conqueror (Yale English Monarchs)
by David C. Douglas, Frank Barlow (Foreword)

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William the Conqueror
by Hilaire Belloc
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Norman Knight AD 950-1204 (Warrior)
by Christopher Gravett, Christa Hook (Illustrator)
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The Normans (Elite)
by David Nicolle, Angus Mcbride (Illustrator)
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Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks)
by Hubert Houben, et al.
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William the Conqueror (The English Monarchs Series)
by David Bates
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1066: The Year of the Conquest
by David Howarth
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William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
by David C. Douglas
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William the Conqueror
by David Bates
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Campaigns of the Norman Conquest (Essential Histories)
by Matthew Bennett
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The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles (General Military)
by Christopher Gravett
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}

Poser

2006-11-10T04:17:00.000-08:00

Not sure what to say yet or what to do with theis topic and interest of mine.
I downloaded the complete Poser 5 from ContentParadise on Tuesday, 24 October 2006.

Acid Reflux Disease aka GERD

2006-10-04T09:09:00.000-07:00

20 Sp 06, Wd.: Woke up in morning with a mild sore throat from a cold or the flu, or so I thought at the time.

23 Sp 06, Sa.: Two brief choking incidents at about 3 AM where windpipe suddenly blocked shut, and can only breath normal again by desperately sucking in air. No way I can cough.

27 Sp 06, Wd.: A worse and longer lasting choking incident at 6 AM sees me go to Urgent Care Center, where I am told I have acid reflux disease, and am prescribed Protonix. My normal voice is by now croaky, hesitant, and weak.

29 Sp 06, Fr.: other bad choking incident in the night sees me call 911 and ride ambulance to nearby ER. Blood drawn and chest x-ray taken.

29 Sp 06, Fr.: Daytime violent coughing and gasping for air incidents see me call 911 and return to the same ER for more evaluations.

29 Sp 06, Fr.: See ENT doctor at the big hospital. He views top of my larynx and windpipe through my nose. It is red and swollen and damaged. Prednisone and Ranitidine are added to my required meds, and Pepcid AC, Maalox, and Lemon Drops are to be taken as neeed. Don't sleep well that night.

30 Sp 06, Sa.: Hard to breath and coughing spells in the wee hours, but no choking incident. Getting very little actual sleep between the coughing, struggle to breath at times, and being scared.

01 Oc 06, Sn.: Still getting very little actual sleep.

02 Oc 06, Mn.: Woken up in night by irregular heartbeat (atrial frib) epiosde. Call 911 and ambulance to heart hospital. About 210+ beats per minute, which finally returns to normal rythumlate that afternoon. This PAF is a pre-existing condition that was also brought on 1 1/2 years ago from lack of sleep at hospital during post prostate cancer surgery recovery.

02 Oc 06, Mn.: Long drawn out coughing and hard to breath session that evening right after I went to bed early.

03 Oc 06, Tu.: Woken up again in the night with irregular heartbeat. 911 and same ER but in 11-bpm range and easier to return to normal. Doctor says I don't have to come back in if it is a mild episode.

03 Oc 06, Tu.: Mild irregular heartbeat from 5 PM to 9 PM. Just stay home with it. Sleep better than in the last four days, but there are still plenty of off and on violent coughing, throat clearing, and difficulty breathing moments.

04 Oc 06, Wd.: Mild irregular heartbeat.

05 Oc 06, Th.: Mild irregular heartbeat.

06 Oc 06, Fr.: Mild irregular heartbeat.

So yes, this is a serious disease. And for me no heartburn throughout it all, so no warning at all that is was coming. I have less coughing and difficulty breathing when I am midly active working on the house than when I am just sitting or trying to sleep. Am 65 and retired. I do not drink or smoke or use illegal drugs at all. Can have no alochol or caffeine because of my heart medicine.

26. Israel/Lebanon War 2006: Ceasefire Violations

2006-08-14T06:28:00.000-07:00

14 August 2006, Monday, Day 1:
In the one incident that occurred Monday, IDF troops killed a Hezbollah man who had opened fire on them in southern Lebanon, hours after the United Nations-brokered truce took hold, but the cease-fire held. In mid-morning, IDF soldiers shot dead the Hezbollah fighter, who sprang from a hiding place and opened fire at them. The clash took place near the village of Ghanduriya, in central south Lebanon. Senior IDF officers said the incident fell within guidelines allowing for resort to weaponry. The guidelines allow troops to fire at Hezbollah members who pose a mortal and immediate threat. According to the officers, the Monday incident did not jeopardize the cease-fire.
Israeli troops killed six Hezbollah fighters Monday in southern Lebanon, in four separate skirmishes that illustrated the fragility of an hours-old cease-fire. Despite the incidents, the UN-imposed truce ushered in a calm that the border region had not witnessed for more than a month, with the first tentative signs that people on both sides could begin rebuilding their homes and lives. A tense calm took the place of more than a month of bitter fighting between Israel and Hezbollah as guns were stilled at 8.00 A.M. Monday. In one of the incidents that occurred Monday, IDF troops killed a Hezbollah man who had opened fire on them in southern Lebanon, hours after the United Nations-brokered truce took hold, but the cease-fire held. In mid-morning, IDF soldiers shot dead the Hezbollah fighter, who sprang from a hiding place and opened fire at them. The clash took place near the village of Ghanduriya, in central south Lebanon. Senior IDF officers said the incident fell within guidelines allowing for resort to weaponry. The guidelines allow troops to fire at Hezbollah members who pose a mortal and immediate threat. According to the officers, the Monday incident did not jeopardize the cease-fire. Tension was high before and after the deadline.
About 10 rockets were fired inside southern Lebanon late Monday, the Israeli military said early Tuesday. The Israel Defense Forces initially said the weapons were Katyushas -- which are commonly used by Hezbollah -- but have since stepped back from that.
The rockets landed inside Lebanese territory, and Israeli forces will not respond to their firing, a military spokesman said.

15 August 2006, Tuesday: Day 2:
Meanwhile, IDF soldiers killed five armed Hezbollah gunmen in two separate incidents in southern Lebanon on Tuesday afternoon. In accordance with IDF open-fire regulations, the soldiers shot at Hezbollah militants whom they felt were posing a threat.
About four mortar rounds were fired inside southern Lebanon after the cease-fire, which went into effect early Monday, according to the IDF. But none hit Israeli territory, and Israel decided not to respond, the IDF said.
Minor clashes between Hezbollah fighters and Israeli soldiers also occurred, and at least six Hezbollah militants were reported killed.
19 August 2006, Saturday: Day 6:
Hezbollah claims it foiled IDF raid near Baalbek
IDF officer killed in commando raid in east Lebanon; Raid aimed to prevent arms deliveries to Hebzollah
An Israel Defense Forces officer was killed and two other officers were wounded - one seriously - during a commando raid near the Hezbollah stronghold of Baalbek in eastern Lebanon early Saturday.The political echelon decided to authorize the operation despite the UN-brokered cease-fire between Israel and Hezbollah. Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV said the unit was transported by helicopter before dawn, and was being driven in two vehicles to raid the office of senior Hezbollah official Sheikh Mohammed Yazbek in the village of Bodai before being intercepted by Hezbollah militants. A battle erupted and the troops were forced to retreat.
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Lebanese sources said the troops were carried in two Lebanese army vehicles and were wearing Lebanese army uniforms. Lebanese security officials later said that three Hezbollah guerrillas were killed in the fighting, but Hezbollah sources claim their operatives emerged from the battle unharmed. IDF officials voiced skepticism at Hezbollah's claim.Army sources said the vehicles came under heavy fire, and that "we had great luck that the operation didn't result in 10 fatalities in the unit." They said that it was thanks only to the troops' resourcefulness and courage that the unit did not suffer a far greater tragedy.Earlier Saturday, Israeli aircraft fired several rockets at a target in a Hezbollah stronghold in eastern Lebanon, a Lebanese security source said.The IDF said the assault aimed to disrupt arms smuggling to Hezbollah from Iran and Syria and that such operations would continue until "an effective monitoring unit" was in place to prevent Hezbollah from rebuilding its arsenal."Special forces carried out an operation to disrupt terror actions against Israel with an emphasis on the transfer of munitions from Syria and Iran to Hezbollah," the IDF said, adding that the operation had achieved all its aims."If the Syrians and Iran continue to arm Hezbollah in violation of the (UN cease-fire) resolution, Israel is entitled to act to defend the principle of the arms embargo," Foreign Ministry spokesman Mark Regev said. "Once the Lebanese army and the international forces are active... then such Israeli activity will become superfluous."The provincial government official, Bekaa Valley Gov. Antoine Suleiman, confirmed the troop landing. Following the battle, Israel Air Force helicopters fired missiles as the commandos withdrew, leaving the area within an hour.Witnesses at the site saw a destroyed bridge about 500 meters from the area where the landing took place. The witnesses said they believed it was destroyed by Israeli missiles.IAF warplanes crisscrossed the skies above Lebanon's eastern Bekaa Valley early Saturday near Baalbek, security officials said.The IAF has not attacked Lebanon since the UN cease-fire was implemented August 14.The officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity because they are not authorized to release information to reporters, could not confirm whether there were any airstrikes.Similar overflights were reported in the area Friday night.

25. Israel/Lebanon War 2006: Rocket Attacks on Israel

2006-07-22T10:00:00.000-07:00

09 June: Gaza Beach Blast: On June 9, 2006, Israeli shelling is implicated in the deaths of 8 Palestinians at a beach in Beit Lahia. This leads Hamas to withdraw from an existing truce with Israel.
24 June: On June 24, 2006, Israeli commandos entered the Gaza Strip and captured two Palestinians, a doctor and his brother, who Israel claims are Hamas militants. It was Israel's first raid into the Strip since the country pulled out of Gaza in September 2005.
"Gaza Strip Arrests", The Observer, 25 June 2006.
Jonathan Cook, "Kidnapped by Israel, Media Lens, 30 June 2006.
25 June: On June 25, 2006, Hamas crossed the border and captured an Israeli soldier, Gilad Shalit.
28 June: In response, Israel initiated Operation Summer Rains on June 28, 2006, an offensive into the Gaza Strip.

12 July 2006, Wednesday: Day 1:

CNN: Hezbollah guerrillas kill three Israeli soldiers and kidnap two others during an attack along Israel's border with Lebanon between the Israeli towns of Zar'it and Shtula. In response, Israeli ground, air and naval forces attack at least eight Hezbollah bases and five bridges in southern Lebanon.

AlJ: Hezbollah fighters seize two Israeli soldiers in a cross-border raid. Three Israeli soldiers are also killed in the attack.
It says it will release them if Israel frees Palestinian prisoners held in Israeli jails.
"Fulfilling its pledge to liberate the prisoners and detainees, the Islamic Resistance ... captured two Israeli soldiers at the border with occupied Palestine," a Hezbollah statement said.
Ehud Olmert, Israel's prime minister, said the attack was an "act of war" by Lebanon and said he would make the country pay a "heavy price".
Later that day, Israel launches a small cross-border raid in the area where the two soldiers were abducted. Hezbollah destroyed one Israeli tank, killing its four-man crew. Another Israeli was killed in an operation to recover the tank.
As an apparent response to the situation in Gaza, the Lebanese Hezbollah captured two Israeli soldiers on Israeli territory on July 12, 2006. The conflict began on July 12 when 8 Israeli soldiers were killed and a further two were captured.
Shebaa Farms:

Shlomi:

* At 9:05 AM local time 2006 Hezbollah's military wing launched a barrage of rockets and mortars on Israeli military positions at Shebaa farms and northern Israeli town of Shlomi, apparently as a diversion.
* Hexbollah launches Katyusha rockets across the Lebanese border with Israel, targeting the town of Shlomi and outposts in the Shebaa Farms area in the occupied Golan Heights.

13 July 2006, Thursday: Day 2:

CNN: Israeli warplanes and artillery strike hundreds of targets in Lebanon including Beirut's international airport and military airports in Riyaq and Qulayaat. Hezbollah fires dozens of rockets into northern Israel, hitting Nahariya, Safed and Haifa. Israel establishes a naval blockade of Beirut, and late in the evening attacks the city's airport again.

AlJ: Israeli jets bomb the runway of Lebanon's only international airport, the Rafiq Hariri Airport in Beirut, at dawn. The airport is closed and flights are diverted.
Israel announces an air and sea blockade of Lebanon, and says that Hezbollah will not be allowed to return to its former position along the border.
Israeli aircraft attack what it says are Hezbollah targets across southern Lebanon. The raids kill 35 Lebanese civilians.
Hezbollah fires rockets that hit towns in northern Israel, including Nahariya and Safed. Two civilians are killed.

Carmiel:

* Rockets also hit the town of Carmiel, also in northern Israel.

About 120 rockets fired at northern Israel.

Haifa:

* Two rockets hit Haifa. Hezbollah denied firing any rockets at the city. Israeli sources later reported that two rockets were fired from inside Lebanon. The attack is the first time rockets have hit so far south into Israel. One shock injury had been reported from these initial attacks on Haifa.

Nahariya: [1]

* Hezbollah fired rockets into Israel, killing one Israeli civilian, a 40-year-old in Nahariya, and wounding 14 others.

* In Nahariya, rocket fire killed a woman in her home, and wounded another 29 people, including a number of children. Most of the casualties were lightly hurt; one person sustained serious wounds. The woman killed in the Nahariya attacks was identified as 40-year-old Monica Zeidman (Lehrer).

* Earlier, a rocket killed a second Israeli woman in the border town of Nahariya.

* On Thursday evening, Hezbollah renewed its bombardment of the northern coastal town of Nahariya. Some of the rockets hit a group of journalists working in Nahariya, wounding at least one person.

Nahariya; Safed; nearby villages: [1, 2]

* Hezbollah bombarded the Israeli towns of Nahariya and Safed, as well as villages nearby, with 9K51Grad rockets. The attacks killed two civilians and wounded 29 more.

Safed: [2]

* Another Israeli civilian, a 33 year old man in Safed, later died from the wounds inflicted.
* They were two of dozens of retaliatory attacks by Hezbollah guerrillas on northern Israel in the heaviest cross-border fighting in years, including a rocket attack on the border town of Safed, wounding six people and killing one, witnesses and medics said. It was the first attack on the town since the 1990s.

* Four rockets hit Safed again Thursday evening, killing one person and wounding 11. Three of the wounded were in serious condition including two children.

14 July 2006, Friday: Day 3:

CNN: After allowing half a dozen planes to take off, Israel bombs the runways of Beirut's airport a third time, as well as a tunnel, two bridges and a fuel depot nearby. Naval units continue shelling the airport and expand their blockade to include the port cities of Tripoli, Sidon and Tyre. Israeli aircraft target a power plant south of the capital. Along the Israel-Lebanon border, the Israel Defense Forces attack Hezbollah positions and fuel stations south of Sidon. Back in Beirut, IDF target the home of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in one of the city's southern neighborhoods.
Hezbollah unleashes missiles on several towns in northern Israel, striking Carmiel, Nahariya, Safed, Hatzor, Meron, Pqui'in and Kiryat Shmona. Late Friday, a missile attack strikes an Israeli gunship off the coast of Lebanon.

AlJ: Israel bombs targets across Lebanon including bridges, roads and power stations. Israeli aircraft also hits Hezbollah's headquarters in Beirut.
Israel also attacks broadcasting facilities belonging to Hezbollah's Al-Manar television channel.
Hezbollah fires an Iranian-made anti-shipping rocket at an Israeli naval vessel off Beirut. The attack kills four Israeli sailors. Israeli accuses the Lebanese army of assisting Hezbollah.
Ehud Olmert, the Israeli prime minister, say Israel's operations will end only when rocket attacks on Israeli cities stop, when Israel's two abducted soldiers are released and when Lebanon implements United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559, which calls for Hezbollah to be disarmed.

Off Lebanon:

* The Israeli Sa'ar 5-class missile boat INS Hanit that was blockading the waters 10 nautical miles off of the Lebanese coast was critically damaged in the stern after being hit by a C-802 (Yingji-82) anti-ship missile. Israel immediately recovered one sailor's body, and three more were found two days later.
Off Lebanon:

* An Egyptian civilian merchant ship, the Moonlight, was hit by a Hezbollah rocket, caught in the cross-fire as Hezbollah was firing on the Israelis. The ship was registered in Cambodia, but sailing under Egyptian flag, carrying several hundred tons of cement. The ship sank in minutes, but the Egyptian crew managed to board lifeboats and was picked up by another civilian vessel. One crewman, however, was seriously injured.

Bar'am:

Beit Jan:

Beit Hillel:

Ben Ami:

Biranit:

Biria:

Carmiel:

Gesher Haziv:

Hatzor HaGlitit:

Horfesh:

Kabri:

Kibbutz Hagosrim:

Kibbutz Ma'ayan:

Kiryat Shmona:

Ma'alot:

Mahanayim:

Matat:

Meron: [3, 4]

* Late the same day, a Katyusha in Meron killed two people, a grandmother and her 5-year-old grandson.

* On Friday evening, a woman and her 5-year-old grandson were killed in a rocket strike on the town of Meron. The child's mother and father were lightly wounded. Another child was listed in moderate to serious condition.
* A grandmother and her five-year-old grandson were killed and at least 50 other wounded Friday by one of over 100 Katyusha rockets that were fired at northern Israel on Friday.

* Omer Pesacov. Killed with his grandmother.
* Yehudit Itzkovich. Killed in Meron.
Metula:

Misgav Am:

Nahariya, etc.:

* Hezbollah launched about 100 Katyisha rockets on Israeli towns of Nahariya, Safed, Hatzor HaGlitit, Rosh Pina, Kiryat Shmona, and Carmiel, and in the agricultural settlements Mattat, Sasa, Peki'in, Beit Jan, Biria, Biranit, Kabri, Gesher Haziv, Saar and Ben Ami resulting in 30 injuries.
* The rockets landed across northern Israel in the following communities: Nahariya, Safed, Hatzor, Yesod Ha'ma'ala, Bar'am, Kiryat Shmona, Mahanayim, Horfesh, Biranit, Meron, Ma'alot, Matat, near Rosh Pina, Sasa, Karmiel, Pki'in, Misgav Am, Metula, Beit Hillel, Shar Yishuv and near Kibbutz Hagoshrim and Kibbutz Ma'ayan Baruch.

Peki'in:

Pki'in

Rosh Biranit:

Rosh Pina:

Saar:

Safed:

Sasa:

Shar Yishuv:

Yesod Ha'ma'ala:
About 100 rockets fired at northern Israel.
15 July 2006, Saturday: Day 4:

CNN: Israel bombs major roads and bridges throughout Lebanon, including Nahrel Bared, Hermel, Debiyeh and Sarasand. At least 15 people are killed in an Israeli airstrike on a minibus between Shamaa and Bayada. Helicopters target Lebanese army positions in Sidon, Beirut, Jounieh, Jbeil and Batrouh. Israel's air force strikes an area used to launch missiles near Tyre and continues to strike Hezbollah's headquarters in Beirut.

Hezbollah launches more than 75 rockets throughout the day with Nahariya and Tiberias receiving the brunt of the attack.

AlJ: Israeli aircraft destroy Hezbollah's headquarters in southern Beirut in an attempt to kill Hasan Nasrallah, the group's leader.
Israel bombs Lebanon's ports and other sites across Lebanon. The attacks kill at least 35 people.
Eighteen Lebanese civilians die when an Israeli rockets hit their van near the southern city of Saida.
Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, promises "open war" against Israel.
Hezbollah rockets hit Tiberias, an Israeli city in Galilee. The attacks are the deepest so far.
Foreign government make plans to evacuate their citizens from Lebanon.

Nahariya:

Tiberias:

About 75 to 100 rockets fired at northern Israel.

16 July 2006, Sunday: Day 5:

CNN: Israel airstrikes fall on Tyre and Aitaron. IDF offensive continues in Beirut with an attack on a Hezbollah radio station and the city's airport.
A Hezbollah missile hits a train station in Haifa, and other rockets reach towns more than 25 miles south of Israel's border with Lebanon.
U.S. Marine helicopters carry 21 Americans from Lebanon to Cyprus.

AlJ: Hezbollah rockets hit Haifa, Israel's second city, killing eight civilians and wounding more than 20.
Ehud Olmert, the Israeli prime minister, says the Haifa attack will have "far-reaching consequences".
Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, says the battle against Israel is "just at the beginning". That evening more rockets land in other northern Israeli towns, wounding several more civilians.
Continuing Israeli air attacks killed at least 23 people around Lebanon.
Iran warns Israel that any attack on Syria would incur "unimaginable losses".

Acre:

* On the morning of 16 July several barrages of Katyusha rockets hit the northern city of Acre.

Afula:

Ghajar; Kibbutz Ma'ayan Baruch; Meron; and Safed:
* Additional barrages hit the Israli Arab town of Ghajar and kibbutz Ma'ayan Baruch as well as striking Meron and Safed again, all with no injuries.

Givat E'la:
Haifa: [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12=8]

* On the morning of 16 July several barrages of Katyusha rockets hit the northern city of Haifa. Eight were killed in Haifa, and several were seriously wounded when unguided rockets hit a railway maintenance depot. Hezbollah claimed the attack was aimed at a large Israeli fuel storage plant adjacent to the railway facility.

* A barrage of rockets pounded the northern Israeli city of Haifa in the worst strike on Israel since violence broke out along the border with Lebanon last week. One of the rockets hit a storage room at the train station, killing nine people, Israeli police said. Many more people were wounded.

Kibbutz Ma'ayan Baruch:

Meron:
Nahariya:

* On the morning of 16 July several barrages of Katyusha rockets hit the northern city of Nahariya.

Nazareth; Afula; Givat E'la:

* Minor injuries were reported when the missiles hit the towns of Nazareth, Afula and Givat E'la near Israel's border with the West Bank, Israeli officials said.
Rosh Hanikra: Explosions were also heard in Rosh Hanikra.

Safed:
Shetula; Zar'it:

* Rockets also hit the villages of Shetula and Za'rit, the site of the original Hezbollah attack.

Zar'it:
10 big rockets fired at northern Israel.
17 July 2006, Monday: Day 6:

CNN: A volley of Hezbollah rockets falls on at least nine towns between Rosh Hanikra and Kiryat Shmona, including Safed. Hezbollah also concentrates rocket salvos on Haifa.
Israeli warplanes bomb an army barracks in Abdeh and targets in southern Lebanon. IDF also strike a truck carrying missiles in Beirut, along with other targets in the city.

AlJ: Israeli strikes on Lebanon continue, killing more than 45 civilians.
Hezbollah fires more rockets into Israel, injuring at least 10 civilians in Haifa and Safed.
Kofi Annan, the UN secretary-general, calls for an international military force to separate the warring sides.
Israeli forces briefly enter parts of Lebanon to attack and destroy Hezbollah posts along the border.
Foreign governments begin evacuating their citizens from Lebanon.

U.S. Marines airlift 43 Americans out of Lebanon.

Atlit:

* Rockets were also reported to have hit the town of Atlit, 56 km south of the border and 8 km south of Haifa. No injuries were reported.
Haifa:

* On July 17, 2006, three rounds of Hezbollah rockets struck the port city of Haifa, wounding two people and partially destroying a three-story residential building.

* Hezbollah guerrillas fired several volleys of rockets at the city of Haifa on Monday, heavily damaging a three-story apartment building and wounding at least three people, Israeli medics said.
Safed [Zefat]:

* Hezbollah reportedly struck a hospital in the Northern Israel town of Safed.
* Zeey Hospital at Zefat was damaged from a rocket of Hezbollah

15 cities:

* The Israeli army says that 15 cities were hit by rockets in a late night raid injuring 5 people when a rocket hit a synagogue.
30 rockets fired at northern Israel.
18 July 2006, Tuesday: Day 7:

CNN: Israel attacks several Lebanese army sites, including barracks in Jamhour, and other sites in southern Beirut.

Hezbollah fires rockets on Haifa, Akko and Nahariya along the northern Israeli coast. Further inland, rockets are launched at Safed, Hatzor and Carmiel. Later in the day, Hezbollah rockets again fall on Haifa.

A U.S. State Department official says 350 Americans have been evacuated since airlifts began.

Hezbollah rockets again strike Haifa, wounding several Israelis.
AlJ: Israel continues its air strikes across Lebanon. The attacks kill 11 Lebanese soldiers in their army barracks east of Beirut.
Saudi Arabia says it will support the deployment of an international military force to stabilise Lebanon.
More than 200 Lebanese have now been killed in the Israeli offensive.

Akko:

Carmiel:

* Rockets fell on Israel overnight, the first after-dark Hezbollah attack. Israel, however, says it is making progress against the militants, saying it has destroyed at least 10 of Hezbollah's long-range Iranian-made missiles. Israel says it also stopped an attempt by Hezbollah guerrillas to cross the border into Israel.

150 rockets fired at northern Israel.

Haifa:

* Hezbollah rockets again strike Haifa, wounding several Israelis.

Hatzor

Nahariya:

Safed:

19 July 2006, Wednesday: Day 8:

CNN: Israeli warplanes bomb a bunker in southern Beirut believed to be used by Hezbollah leaders. Airstrikes continue against the airport and IDF shells and rockets bombard Tyre. Israeli ground forces battle Hezbollah fighters in southern Lebanon, across the border from Avivim.

AlJ: Israel drops 23 tonnes of bombs on a single target in southern Beirut in an attempt to kill Hassan Nasrallah.
More than 70 Lebanese civilians are killed as Israel continues its bombing campaign against Lebanese infrastructure and Hezbollah positions.
Israeli commando units enter Lebanon at several points along the border.
They discover several underground Hezbollah bunker complexes and engage in firefights with Hezbollah members. Two Israeli soldiers are killed.
Hezbollah fire more than 100 missiles into Israel. One Israeli is killed in the town of Nahariya.
An Israeli F-16 fighter aircraft crashes while taking off from its base in southern Israel. The pilot escapes unharmed.

Hezbollah rockets strike at least six towns in northern Israel, including Haifa and Nazareth.

More than 1,000 people leave Beirut aboard a ship chartered by the U.S. government.

Haifa:

Nahariya: [13]

Nazareth: [14, 15]

* Two Arab children were killed in Nazareth as a result of a Hezbullah rocket attack.

* Rabiah and Mahmoud Talussi never heard a siren warning of the killer rocket. They had no chance to find a bomb shelter. The tiny Israeli Arab brothers were among the sorriest victims lost in furious border battles this week between Hezbollah and Israel.
120 rockets fired at northern Israel.
20 July 2006, Thursday: Day 9:

CNN: Israel launches airstrikes against Hezbollah training camps around Lebanon and a TV station in Beirut. For the second day, special forces engage in a ground assault against Hezbollah fighters in southern Lebanon near the Israeli border town of Avivim.

Hezbollah fires Katyusha rockets on cities in northern Israel, including Tiberias and Carmiel.

Approximately 2,250 Americans leave Lebanon on chartered ships and U.S. military helicopters.

AlJ: Israeli army units enter southern Lebanon to attack Hezbollah positions near the border. Four Israeli soldiers are killed.
An Israeli airman dies when two Apache attack helicopters collide near the northern border.
Israeli air attacks on southern Lebanese towns and Baalbek kill 45 Lebanese civilians.
Hezbollah fires more than 120 rockets at Israel. Two Arab children are killed in the Israeli-Arab town of Nazareth.

Carmiel:

40 rockets fired at northern Israel.

Tiberias:

21 July 2006, Friday: Day 10:

CNN: Hezbollah fires rockets at the Israeli cities of Haifa, Meron, Safed, Yiron and Avivim. Israel continues shelling and airstrikes in southern Lebanon. Skirmishes between Israeli and Hezbollah ground forces are reported in Lebanon near Maroun al-Ras and Marwahin.

According to the Israeli army, 34 Israelis have been killed since fighting began. Lebanese security sources say at least 261 people have died in Lebanon as of Friday.

AlJ: Israel calls up several reserve army battalions and drops leaflets over southern Lebanese villages warning civilians to leave the area.
More than 100,000 civilians have already left their homes in south Lebanon.
Brigadier-General Alon Friedman, who is in charge of Israeli army operations in the north, said: "It's possible that in the coming days our ground operations will increase."
Hezbollah launch fewer rockets than on any day since the conflict began. Only 40 rockets reach Israel.
The Israeli air force continues to hit targets around Lebanon. More than 300 Lebanese civilians have now been killed in the raids.

Haifa:

* Hezbollah continued firing rockets at the Isreali town of Haifa injuring 20 Israelis.
Hezbollah launch fewer rockets than on any day since the conflict began. Only 40 rockets reach Israel.
50 rockets fired at northern Israel.
22 July 2006, Saturday: Day 11:

CNN: Israeli ground forces enter southern Lebanon and take control of Maroun Al-Ras. Israeli airstrikes target transmission towers in Fatqa, Sanine, Torbol, Ehden, Fii and Niha, disrupting television and telephone service in northern Lebanon.
Hezbollah rockets fall in Haifa, Safed, Nahariya, Carmiel and the area around Avivim.

AlJ: Israeli ground troops move into the village of Maroun al-Ras in south Lebanon and take control. The Israeli army insists that incursions will be limited in scope despite the recall of thousands of reserve troops.
Israel continues its offensive by hitting communications targets in Lebanon, including a relay station used by several Lebanese television stations.
Hezbollah fires at least 50 rockets hitting several cities and villages in northern Israel.
Washington rushes a delivery of precision-guided bombs to Israel, according to The New York Times.
Condoleezza Rice, the US secretary of state, describes the plight of Lebanon as part of the "birth pangs of a new Middle East" and says that Israel should ignore calls for a ceasefire.
Nearly 4,000 Americans arrive in Cyprus from Lebanon, said the U.S. ambassador to Cyprus.

Safed:

* 4 people hurt in strike on Safed home.
Hezbollah fires at least 50 rockets hitting several cities and villages in northern Israel.
17 people wounded Saturday as 160 Katyushas land in north.

Hezbollah continued its missile attacks on northern Israel, firing more than 80 rockets and slightly wounding 13.

Militants fired 129 rockets on Saturday, the Israeli military said.
Over 160 rockets were fired by Hezbollah, hitting towns across northern Israel and injuring 16 people.
Hezbollah has fired over 1,100 rockets at Israeli towns and cities in the last 11 days killing at least 17 people.
70 rockets fired at northern Israel.
23 July 2006, Sunday: Day 12:

CNN: At least six Israeli bombs strike Tyre in a 20-minute span during a morning operation. Aircraft attack a building in Sidon that Israel says is used by Hezbollah, and IDF operations continue against targets in southern Beirut. Hezbollah fires at least 60 rockets, striking Haifa and other areas in northern Israel.

AlJ: Israeli airstrikes kill at least 12 civilians, including a Lebanese press photographer near the southern city of Tyre.
The Israeli army said that it had taken control of the Lebanese border village of Maroun Al-Ras and had captured two Hezbollah members there.
Hezbollah missiles land on Haifa killing 2 civilians and wounding several others. More than 2,200 rockets have hit Israel so far says Amir Peretz, Israel's defence minister.
Jan Egeland, the UN humanitarian coordinator, describes Israeli bombing of build-up areas as "a violation of humanitarian law" as he toured bombed areas of south Beirut.
Condoleezza Rice travels to the Middle East.

The U.S. Embassy in Beirut says 11,260 Americans have left Lebanon since evacuations began on July 16.
The IDF says 37 Israelis have been killed since fighting began. According to Lebanese security sources, at least 271 Lebanese have been killed.

Acre:

Carmiel, Acre, Tiberias, Kiryat Shmona:

* Rockets also struck Carmiel, Acre, Tiberias and Kiryat Shmona on Sunday afternoon.

* Carmiel, Acre, Tiberias, Kiryat Shmona also hit; 11 hurt in Haifa, 1 in Carmiel.

80 rockets fired at northern Israel by late afternoon Sunday.

More than 60 rockets hit northern Israeli, officials say.

Militants fired 95 rockets on Sunday.

Amir Peretz: 2,200 rockets fired at northern Israel so far.

The Israel Defense Forces' chief of military intelligence, Amos Yadlin, said Sunday that close to 2,200 Hezbollah rockets have been destroyed by the IDF during its offensive on Lebanon over the last two weeks

Haifa: [16, 17]

* Two people were killed and several others were wounded as ten Katyusha rockets slammed into Haifa and its suburbs Sunday morning. A man was killed in Haifa when rocket shrapnel hit his vehicle as he was driving along a main road in Haifa. A second person was killed when a rocket hit a carpentry shop in a suburb of Haifa. * Eleven others were hurt in the attack on Haifa, one of them seriously, one moderately, and the rest sustained light wounds.
* After a lull in Hezbollah rocket attacks, at least a dozen explosions shook the northern Israeli city of Haifa early Sunday, killing at least two people and injuring 15, Israeli police said.
* Rockets hit at least two apartments, a house, an industrial zone and vehicles. One man was killed while driving his car while the second person was in a building.

* Two people were killed and several others were wounded as ten Katyusha rockets slammed into Haifa and its suburbs Sunday morning. Haifa resident Shimon Glickblich, 60, was killed in Haifa when rocket shrapnel hit his vehicle as he was driving along a main road in Haifa. Habib Ouad, 48, from the western Galilee, was killed when a rocket hit a carpentry shop in a suburb of Haifa. He was buried Monday afternoon in his hometown.

* Eleven others were hurt in the attack on Haifa, one of them seriously, one moderately, and the rest sustained light wounds. "The scenes were horrific. There were wounded people on the road and there was a wounded person in the building too. There was terrible destruction," said factory worker Keren Hagigi at an industrial zone in Haifa hit by Hezbollah rockets.

* Haifa came under repeated rocket fire throughout the day, and one rocket made a direct hit on a house in the city. The attack set the gas cylinders in the building alight, Channel 10 reported. Five people were lightly wounded in the strike, and five others were treated for shock. Initial fears that some people were trapped in the building proved to be unsubstantiated.

Kiryat Shmona:

Tiberias:

24 July 2006, Monday: Day 13:

CNN: Hezbollah's Katyusha rockets bombard the northern Israeli cities of Haifa, Tiberias, Kiryat Shmona, Maalot and Nahariya. Israeli aircraft attack a site east of Sidon, Lebanon, where it says Hezbollah is launching rockets; Israeli airstrikes also destroy homes and cars near Tyre and a truck near Beirut's main airport. Israeli and Hezbollah forces exchange heavy fire in the southern Lebanese towns of Maroun Al-Ras and Bint Jbeil.
At least 375 people, mostly civilians, have been killed in Lebanon since fighting began, according to Lebanese security forces. The Israel Defense Forces says 39 Israelis have been killed, including 22 soldiers.

The United States has transported about 12,600 Americans out of Lebanon since July 16, the U.S. Embassy in Beirut says.

Also, 90 rockets had been fired at northern Israel by Monday afternoon, wounding seven people, Israeli police said.
The latest barrage of Hezbollah rockets landed near the northern Israeli cities of Tiberias, Kiryat Shmona, Maalot, Nahariya and north of Haifa.

One hurt as north struck by new barrage of Hezbollah rockets. A barrage of rockets landed in cities and towns across the north on Monday afternoon. One person was lightly wounded by shrapnel from a rocket.

WP: On July 24th, Israeli troops advanced further into southern Lebanon where they encountered heavy resistance. IDF forces engaged Hezbollah guerrillas in Bint Jbail, the largest Lebanese town near the border. IDF sources reported that two Israeli soldiers were killed and 20 were wounded. Two tanks were also damaged. An Apache helicopter on its way to support the ground force in Bint Jbeil crashed in Northern Israel, killing two IAF pilots. Hezbollah stated that it shot down the helicopter; however, the IDF said the cause was under investigation and was possibly due to friendly fire. Hezbollah said three of their fighters were killed. Israel claims larger casualties. Near the end of fighting Monday, the IDF forces controlled a hilltop in Bint Jbail while Hezbollah remained in control of the rest of the city. Israel halted airstrikes in Beirut due to a surprise visit by US Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice. Airstrikes continued in south Lebanon, killing seven near Tyre. Hezbollah continued to fire rockets into Northern Israel, wounding 13 with roughly 100 rockets.

Acre:

* Another rocket also hit Acre.

Haifa:

* A short time later, two rockets also slammed into open areas in Haifa's northern suburbs.

Seventeen Israelis have died in rocket attacks since the beginning of the conflict on July 12.

Hezbollah continued its missile attacks on northern Israel, firing more than 80 rockets and slightly wounding 13.
More than 2,200 Hezbollah rockets had hit northern Israel by Sunday. They have struck as far as Afula, 50km south of the border.

Nahariya:

* Two rockets slammed into Nahariya on Monday afternoon. One hit a newly-constructed building and a second landed in the center of the city.

25 July 2006, Tuesday: Day 14:

WP: On July 25th, the IDF intensified its operations in Lebanon with over 100 strikes in southern Lebanon and fresh assaults on Beirut. Seven were killed in Nabatieh when an Israeli shell struck a house, and twelve were killed Tuesday evening in the Dhaiya quarter of Beirut. Four UN observers were killed and five wounded in south Lebanon when a UN observation post was struck. Two houses were also destroyed east of Tyre. Fighting continued between IDF forces and Lebanese guerrillas near Bint Jbeil with IDF forces surrounding the town and sealing it off. Eight IDF soldiers were lightly wounded. Hezbollah said seven of its members were killed, and fellow Shiite group Amal said four of its members had been killed. During the course of the day, Hezbollah fired over 100 rockets into northern Israel. In Haifa, one civilian died of a heart attack during rocket fire as 20 more were injured. Rockets also killed one and injured three in Maghar.
Israeli officials indicated that they planned to maintain a ground presence in south Lebanon until an multinational peacekeeping force was deployed there, preferably NATO.

In Lebanon, at least 386 people, mostly civilians, have been killed, and more than 1,100 wounded, Lebanese security officials said Tuesday.

Acre:

* And six slammmed into Acre.

Carmiel:

Haifa: [18]

* Close to noon Tuesday, Hezbollah also fired 16 rockets at Haifa and the surrounding suburbs. The attacks wounded 11 people and sent an additional 17 into shock. Two people were moderately wounded and nine people suffered light wounds. Medical crews rushed the wounded to various nearby hospitals.The torrent of rockets left extensive damage to structures in Haifa's lower city. One of the missiles struck a restaurant in the city, causing damage but no human casualties, according to Israel Radio.

At least 18 people were injured when more than a dozen Hezbollah rockets landed in three or four places in Haifa, officials said.
One rocket struck a seven-story apartment building, CNN's John Vause said. Another struck near the home of a man, leaving him dead of a heart attack, officials said. A local hospital received up to 30 casualties, CNN's Dr. Sanjay Gupta reported.

Kiryat Shmona:

* Seven Hezbollah rockets rained down on open fields in Kiryat Shmona, injuring no one, Israel Radio reported.

Ma'alot:

* Ten rockets struck the western Galilee near the town of Ma'alot, causing damage to buildings. The radio reported three people were wounded as a result of the attack.

Maghar: [18]
* Teen girl killed, at least 16 wounded as Hezbollah rockets slam into northern cities.

* One Katyusha rocket killed a 15-year-old girl in the village of Meghar in the Galilee region, Israeli police and medical service officials said.

* A 15-year-old girl was killed and over a dozen people were wounded Tuesday as Hezbollah gunners renewed their bombardment of villages and cities across northern Israel, launching an estimated total of 55 rockets. In Maghar, a 15-year-old girl was killed when a rocket directly struck a residential home in a Muslim neighborhood in the Galilee village. Magen David Adom medical crews reported that the girl's 30-year-old brother was seriously hurt and her 12-year-old sister was moderately wounded.
One Katyusha rocket killed a 15-year-old girl in the village of Meghar in the Galilee region, Israeli police and medical service officials said.
Two more rockets landed in the village, lightly wounding two people; 20 more people suffered from shock.

Nahariya; Carmiel:

* Five more hit Nahariya and one hit Carmiel. There were no casualties reported in those strikes.

Safed:

* Five other rockets landed in an open area in the northern city of Safed.

Hezbollah has launched more than 2,000 rockets against Israel during the conflict, Deputy Prime Minister Shimon Peres said.
At least 41 Israelis have died, including 19 civilians, and at least 388 have been wounded, Israeli officials said.

26 July 2006, Wednesday: Day 15:

WP: On July 26th, the IDF continued operations in Lebanon with 60 strikes primarily on military targets. However, one aid worker was killed and 13 civilians injured during the raids. Two truck drivers were also killed when the IAF fired missiles at supply vehicles. Hezbollah fired 151 rockets into northern Israel, injuring 31. In south Lebanon, nine IDF soldiers were killed and 27 wounded as they battled Hezbollah guerrillas near the border. The casualties sustained by the Israelis were the highest since the initiation of conflict.
Israeli Prime Minister Rhud Olmert said that Israel planned to maintain a 2 km security zone from the border free of Hezbollah as talks continued in Rome for an international peacekeeping force. Lebanese officials arrested 50 on charges of spying for Israel.
Israel also killed four unarmed UN observers with artillery strikes and precision guided munitions, in what UN Secretary General Kofi Annan called a deliberate strike. Their position was well known, and repeated calls were made to request that Israel stop the attacks.

Hezbollah militants launched 102 Katyusha rockets into Israel Wednesday morning, wounding 18 people -- one of them seriously -- Israeli police said. Twenty-seven landed in cities, they said.

Four people hurt, one seriously, as over 100 rockets hit northern Israel
Four people were wounded Wednesday, one seriously and the rest lightly, as more than 100 rockets slammed into northern Israel. Another 14 people were treated for shock. The Israel Defense Forces said that 119 rockets had been launched at Israel on Wednesday.

Carmiel:

Galilee; Kiryat Shmona:
* A barrage of rockets was fired at the Galilee and Kiryat Shmona.

Haifa:

* Two people were wounded by shrapnel while driving in a Haifa suburb, one of them seriously.

* In the Haifa suburbs, one of the rockets started a small fire.

* Dozens more struck the Haifa suburbs.

Hula Valley:

Kiryat Shmona:

Jish:

Ma'alot:

* Another two were hurt Wednesday afternoon in Ma'alot.

Safed:

Tiberias; Safed; Carmiel; Jish; Hula Valley:

* Dozens more struck Tiberias, Safed, Carmiel, the village of Jish and the Hula Valley during the day.

27 July 2006, Thursday: Day 16:

WP: Soldiers from the Golani Brigade return to Israel.

The IDF carried out over 120 air strikes in southern Lebanon, the Bekaa valley and Beirut. At least 11 were killed. Hezbollah guerrillas in Lebanon fired over 100 Katyusha rockets at targets in northern Israel landing across the Galilee and Hula Valley. Thirteen were lightly injured. Israeli officials indicated that they planned not to expand ground operations from the their current scope despite pressure from the military. The decision was made, however, to intensify air strikes. In addition, three divsions of reservists (15,000 troops) were mobilized.

Carmiel:

* And a single rocket struck the Carmiel area.

* A single rocket struck the Carmiel area.

* Several rockets hit empty houses in Carmiel.

Carmiel; Majdal Krum; Kiryat Shmona; Rosh Pina:

* Thirteen people were lightly wounded in strikes on Carmiel, Majdal Krum, Kiryat Shmona, and the Rosh Pina area, and 16 people went into shock. Buildings, cars, roads and water pipes were badly damaged in the attacks. One rocket hit a house, another hit a chemical factory, and a third hit an educational facility. A firefighter was lightly hurt while putting out fires.

* Thirteen people were lightly injured in rocket strikes on Carmiel, Majdal Krum, Kiryat Shmona, and the area of Rosh Pina. Some rockets fell in open areas, causing fires to break out.

Galilee; Hula Valley:

* And the rest landed across the Galilee and Hula Valley.
* Hezbollah guerillas in Lebanon fired dozens of Katyushas at targets in northern Israel on Thursday, with rockets landing across the Galilee and Hula Valley.

* Fires broke out in the Galilee panhandle as a result of rocket strikes.
Granot:

* In Granot, a resident was lightly wounded by shrapnel. Several rockets fell in open areas, causing fires to break out.

More than 1,600 Katyushas have hit northern Israel since the start of the fighting. The Health Ministry announced that 1,733 people have been treated at hospitals throughout the North, mostly for shock and anxiety attacks. Ninety-eight people remain hospitalized, 10 in serious condition, 36 in moderate condition and 52 with light injuries. Another 26 people have been seriously injured, 36 have suffered moderate injuries and 319 have been lightly hurt. A total of 595 people have been treated for shock.

Haifa:

* In Haifa, sirens sounded at 6 P.M. Two rockets landed in the city's suburbs, causing no injuries.

Hula Valley:

Kiryat Ma'alot:

* The first barrage came at around 8 A.M., when and three fell in Ma'alot.

Kiryat Shmona:

* Some 25 rockets landed in and around Kiryat Shmona.

* A barrage of rockets struck Kiryat Shmona around 6:30 P.M., lightly wounding two people. Earlier, a rocket struck a factory in the city, and a house sustained a direct hit.

* A house in Kiryat Shmona sustained a direct hit Thursday afternoon, wounding at least one person.

* Thursday evening, at least five rockets struck various targets in the northern Israeli town of Kiryat Shmona, causing several fires.

* The game gets real when you see the damage these things inflict. We were driving to scout locations yesterday when we noticed black smoke rising from a building we passed, an emergency vehicle racing towards it. We followed and found two Katyusha rockets had just struck a laundry detergent manufacturing plant. We watched as the smoke turned to fire and as that fire consumed nearly half the building. There were no casualites, but don't tell that to the company's owner; he arrived on the scene, threw up his hands and literally screamed at the flames.

Ma'alot:
Ma'alot-Tarshiha; Rosh Hanikra:

* Rockets also landed in Ma'alot-Tarshiha and Rosh Hanikra.

Majdal-Krum:

Nahariya:

* A house in Nahariya was hit, but most of the rockets in the area landed in open spaces.

* Katyushas hit Nahariya homes; one wounded.

* Three more landed in Nahariya

* In Nahariya, an empty house was hit earlier in the day, and no one was injured. Some rockets fell in open areas, causing fires to break out.

* Five rockets fell on Nahariya, one of them hitting an empty house.

Peki'in; Kfar Vradim:

* A house in Peki'in and a water tower in Kfar Vradim were also struck.

Rosh Hanikra:

* A rocket hit Rosh Hanikra around 14 P.M.

* The border town of Rosh Hanikra was also hit.

Rosh Pina:

* Some two hours later, six rockets landed in the Rosh Pina area.

* Four rockets fell in the vicinity of Rosh Pina at around 11 A.M.

* Eleven rockets landed in the Rosh Pina area

Safed:

* And eight fell near Safed, causing no casualties or damage.

* Six rockets struck Safed.

* Two more struck the Safed region.

Safed; Carmiel; Ma'alot; Shlomi:
* Earlier Thursday, Hezbollah fired dozens of rockets that fell in fields near Safed, Carmiel, Ma'alot and Shlomi in northern Israel, the IDF said.

* The first barrage came at around 8 A.M., when six rockets struck Safed and three fell in Ma'alot.

Shlomi:

Tiberias:

* Four rockets aimed at Tiberias landed in open areas.

* Four rockets landed in the afternoon in the area of Tiberias.

Yesod Hama'ala:

* Three Katyushas hit Yesod Hama'ala, lightly wounding a woman and damaging property.

28 July 2006, Friday: Day 19:

WP: Lebanese officials reported that Israel conducted over 130 air raids (killing 13) while an Israeli police spokesman said that Hezbollah fired 97 rockets into Northern Israel (wounding 3). Hezbollah fired a new kind of rocket it called the Khaibar-1 which struck near the Israeli town of Afula. The rocket has a 100 kg warhead, which is significantly more powerful than the Katyusha rockets, and may be the same as Fajr-5 rocket. The IDF reported that 26 gunmen were killed in clashes near the southern Lebanon town of Bint Jbail.
In Israel, there was disagreement between Mossad intelligence which says Hezbollah will be able to continue fighting at the current level for a long time and military intelligence which believes Hezbollah has been severely damaged. Other scholars have also questioned the Israeli reliance on air power.
The Mehr news agency in Iran said Ali Larijani, secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council, was in Damascus for meetings on the crisis, but gave no other details. Furthermore, Iran‘s state news agency confirmed Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah’s presence in Damascus. Although Hezbollah has recieved significant Iranian assistance in the past, Iranian officials denied assisting Hezbollah in the current conflict

Afula area:

* Hezbollah launched over 90 Katyusha rockets at northern Israel on Friday, five striking as far south as the Afula area - the first time that the Jezreel Valley has been hit in a week. Hezbollah later said it fired a new rocket, called Khaibar-1, which fell in the Afula area. Police said Friday that this kind of missile has not landed in the area before. Israel Air Force jets later destroyed the launchers used to fire the missiles at Israel.

Carmiel:

Galilee:

Galilee Panhandle:
* Four rockets landed in the Galilee panhandle.

Hula Valley:

Kiryat Shmona; Galilee:

* 2 homes in Kiryat Shmona area sustain direct hits.
* At least 14 Hezbollah rockets landed in northern Israel by midday Friday -- mostly near Kiryat Shmona and Galilee, police said.

Nahariya:

* A Katyusha rocket directly struck a hospital in Nahariya on Friday, damaging an upper story. The floor in Western Galilee Hospital was empty of patients, who had been moved to an underground shelter at the beginning of the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah guerrillas. ients, who had been moved to an underground shelter at the beginning of the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah guerrillas.

Rosh Pina; Hula Valley:

* Four rockets landed in open areas near Rosh Pina and in the Hula Valley.

Safed:
A Magen David Adom center in Safed was severely damaged when it was directly hit.

Shmona:

* Two people were lightly wounded when rockets struck their homes in the Kiryat Shmona area, close to the Israel-Lebanon border.

* Two houses in Kiryat Shmona area sustain direct rocket hits.

* Two people in the Kiryat Shmona area sustained light injuries when their houses were directly hit by rockets.

Tiberias; Carmiel:

* Rockets also landed in Tiberias and Carmiel areas, landing in open areas and causing no injuries.

29 July 2006, Saturday: Day 18:

WP: "IDF leaves Bin Jbeil area."Israeli newspaper declared. During the morning hours most of the units who took part in Bint Jbeil began to withdraw from the area. The battle for Bint Jbail has symbolized Israel's difficulty in pushing guerrillas back from the border, whether by air bombardment or ground assault.

Five hurt as over 90 rockets strike across northern Israel
Five people sustained light shrapnel wounds Saturday when over 90 Katyusha rockets fired by Hezbollah guerillas struck towns across the Western Galilee on Saturday.
Acre:

* One rocket struck a medical facility in Acre, causing a large amount of damage but no injuries.
Haifa:

* Haifa, where an air-raid siren sounded.

Ma'alot:

* In Ma'alot, five Katyushas also fell in open areas.

Nahariya; Ma'alot:

* The injuries occurred in Nahariya and Ma'alot, where several homes sustained direct rocket strikes.

Rosh Pina:

* Five rockets landed in the vicinity of Rosh Pina, causing no injuries.

Safed:

* At least four rockets fell in open areas in Safed, causing no injuries or damage.

Tiberias:

* In Tiberias, two rockets hit a factory, causing some damage. Another five fell in open areas in the city.

30 July 2006, Sunday: Day 19:

WP: Undercover of artillery strikes IDF ground troops pushed towards the villages of Taiba and Adisa. The IDF said the village was being used as a launching site for rocket attacks. One IDF soldier was shot and wounded near Adisa. A quantity of weapons were also recovered. IDF jets bombed unreported targets in Khiyam and the bombing of Qana caused a large number of civilian fatalities.

Haaretz reporter, 7 others hurt as 140 rockets hit the north. Hezbollah fired at least 140 Katyusha rockets at targets in northern Israel on Sunday, wounding at least five people, one of them a Haaretz correspondent.This is the largest number of rockets fired in one day since the start of the conflict on July 12. Rockets have rained down on northern Israel every day since. Seven of the wounded sustained light injuries. The wounds of Haaretz reporter Yuval Azoulay were described as moderate. He was evacuated to Sieff hospital in Safed.
Acre:

* One of the rockets hit a residential building in Acre, lightly wounding two people. A number of other people were treated for shock. Six more rockets landed in Acre, causing no injuries or damage.

Afula:

* Three Hezbollah rockets with warheads of 100 kilograms each landed in fields near the town of Afula in the Jezreel Valley over the weekend. No injuries were reported but a number of fires destroyed dozens of dunams of shrubs and vegetation.

Beit Hasheeta:

Galilee:

Haifa:
Haifa; Galilee; Afula; Nazareth; Migdal Ha'emek; Beit Hasheeta:
* Sirens also sounded in the Haifa suburbs, western and upper Galilee, Afula, Nazareth, Migdal Ha'emek and Beit Hasheeta.

Kiryat Shmona:

* Some 30 rockets landed in and around Kiryat Shmona, lightly wounding two people, one of them an Israel Defense Forces soldier. A building in the town was hit and sustained damage.

Ma'alot:

Migdal Ha'emek:

Nahariya; Ma'alot; Rosh Ina; Tiberias:

* Eight rockets landed in Nahariya, five hit Ma'alot, four landed near Rosh Pina and two landed in Tiberias.

Nazareth:

Rosh Pina:

Tiberias:

31 July 2006, Monday; Day 20:

IDF: Hezbollah fired mortars at northern Israel, not rockets
Hezbollah fired mortars at northern Israel on Monday, not rockets as initially believed, the army said, hours after a salvo slammed into the Galilee in the early afternoon.The strike shattered a half-day of quiet and hopes that Hezbollah had suspended its launchings in response to curbs of Israel Air Force activity.

Day's first rocket salvo shatters calm, starts brushfires in north. A salvo of five rockets slammed into the Galilee early Monday afternoon, shattering a half-day of quiet and hopes that Hezbollah had suspended its launchings in response to curbs of IAF activity.

CNN: The Israeli Security Cabinet approves the expansion of a ground campaign in Lebanon as Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert rejects calls for a cease-fire.Israel keeps bombing a day after pledging to halt airstrikes temporarily. It expresses regret when a strike hits a Lebanese military vehicle outside Tyre, Lebanon. A Lebanese general's aide dies, and three soldiers are wounded, a Lebanese official says.Two Hezbollah rockets land near Kiryat Shmona, Israel, but there are no casualties. Hezbollah fire wounds three Israeli soldiers near Tayba, Lebanon, an army spokesman says.U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice returns to Washington after talks in Jerusalem. President Bush says the United States is working to attain a "sustainable peace."Lebanese authorities say 483 civilians have died during the conflict. Israel reports 51 deaths, including 19 civilians in Hezbollah attacks.

WP: Despite a reported qualified suspension in Israeli aerial activity beginning on midnight 30 July IDF bombers hit the area around Tayba. CNN reported that the Israeli Army had explained the bombing was to "protect ground forces operating in the border area and were not aimed at specific targets". The bombing lead to damage of an unspecified number of Lebanese Army vehicles in the area. The Israeli Army apologised for the damage.
One Lebanese Army personnel was killed, and three were injured in a IDF Naval attack on the Lebanese military base north of Tyre. The towns of Al-Awayda area, Kafr Shuba' and Kafr Hamam were also hit with IDF artillery strikes. The Tyre - Kila area was also the scene of IDF airstrikes, a ground incursion, and clash with Hezbollah which left three IDF Tank personnel wounded.

Kiryat Shmona:

* There were no injuries in the Monday salvo, which started brushfires in open areas near Kiryat Shmona.

* Based on experience and gut instincts, Vaknin, 29, has cultivated a routine in the nearly three weeks since the missile barrages began. As of Monday, Kiryat Shemona has been hit 215 times since fighting began July 12, according to Yedidia Freudenberg, the city's security chief.
On Sunday, the city, located about two miles from the Lebanese border, was bombarded with 75 Katyusha rockets, by far the most since fighting began.

01 August 2006, Tesday: Day 21:

Peretz: Despite drop in rocket strikes, don't rush to the north
Defense Minister Amir Peretz on Tuesday advised Israelis not to travel to the north, despite the relative lull in rocket attacks over the past 24 hours, saying Israel is experiencing a false calm. "The other side also knows that the sands of time are running out for military activity in Lebanon, and it's possible that it will use the ammunition it has left in order to hit the Israeli home front," he said. "We have already paid a heavy price in blood and I don't want more people to be hurt."
The Israel Defense Forces has destroyed an estimated two-thirds of Hezbollah's long-range missile capabilities, a senior government official said Monday.The Iranian-supplied Zelzal-2 missiles have a range of 200 km (125 miles) and are believed to be capable of carrying biological or chemical warheads."We know how many of them we destroyed and we know how many they shot," the official said."But one-third [left undestroyed] is a lot. That can cause a lot of damage if they are launched," the official added.The official said that according to estimates, Hezbollah retains 9,000-10,000 122-mm diameter Katyusha rockets and hundreds of rocket launchers.Most of the rockets launched at northern Israel in recent weeks were Katyushas.Hezbollah still has the ability to launch 302-mm diameter rockets like those which landed in Afula, and which can reach even further into Israel.Since Israel Air Force planes bombed the launch site used to fire rockets at Afula, no rockets of the larger type have been launched.Still, Hezbollah retains rockets and launchers of a similar type, and the groups which fire them retains fighting capability. These rockets, which Hezbollah calls "Khaiber 1", have a range of 90-115 km.Government sources say Hezbollah still has half of its original inventory of 220-km rockets. Still, they believe Syria to be actively supplying the group.

* Israeli police reported 14 cross-border strikes hitting northern Israel on Tuesday, including two with Katyusha rockets and 12 with mortar shells.

* A number of mortar shells apparently fired from south Lebanon hit open areas in the Upper Galilee on Tuesday morning. There were no injuries or damage reported.

02 August 2006, Wednesday: Day 22:

Hezbollah launches rocket onslaught on Israel. A Hezbollah rocket on Wednesday struck farther south than ever before, Israeli police said, part of a barrage of at least 110 rockets aimed across northern Israel that killed one Israeli and injured 15 others. The number of rockets launched Wednesday from southern Lebanon is much higher than the daily average fired at the Jewish state since fighting began three weeks ago, police said.
But Arabic-language media, including Hezbollah's Al Manar TV, report that 200 to 300 rockets have landed inside Israel.

Hezbollah has peppered northern Israel with more than 1,000 rockets since the two sides began trading attacks last month.Police said 15 people were injured, but none seriously, and another 30 treated for shock.
In northern Israel, 16 other people were wounded and homes in four communities sustained direct rocket strikes Wednesday morning. At least 63 rockets fell within an hour.
An Israeli man was killed Wednesday when a Katyusha struck Kibbutz Saar, north of Nahariya, as Hezbollah marked the resumption of rocket fire on northern Israel with a record number of some 190 rockets. The strike brings to 19 the death toll from the rocket attacks since they began on July 12. In northern Israel, 14 other people were wounded and homes in four communities sustained direct rocket strikes Wednesday morning. At least 63 rockets fell within an hour. There were no injuries. The Home Front Command warned northern residents Wednesday morning to take shelter in secure rooms as rocket-warning sirens sounded.
The Israel Defense Forces Northern Command said Tuesday that in the past three weeks its troops have attacked three Hezbollah ammunition bunkers and numerous rocket launchers in Lebanon.GOC Northern Command Alon Friedman said that Hezbollah had begun moving northward to launch rockets, entering villages to fire from less permanent positions. "We have notice less exact fire, with less accurate hits from what there was at the beginning of the fighting," said Friedman.More than 1,900 Katyushas have hit northern Israel since the start of the fighting. According to the Health Ministry, 1,733 people have been treated at hospitals throughout the north, mostly for shock and anxiety attacks. Of that number, 98 people remain hospitalized, 10 in serious condition, 36 in moderate condition and 52 with light injuries.

Acre:

Acre; Safed; Tiberias; Kiryat Shmona:

* Nine others were lightly wounded across the north, in Acre, Safed, Tiberias and Kiryat Shmona. A number of people were also treated for shock.
Afula:

* 8 rockets landed in open fields near Afula later Wednesday.

Afula; Beit Shean; Nazareth:

* Air raid sirens could be heard in Afula, Beit Shean and Nazareth.

Beit Shean:

Carmiel:

Faqua and Jelaboun:
* The rocket landed in the Palestinian-controlled West Bank between Faqua and Jelaboun, police said.

Galilee panhandle:

Haifa:

* For the first time in five days, Hezbollah resumed firing rockets at Haifa. There were no immediate reports of casualties.
* The Israeli navy also sounded sirens in the harbor at Haifa, Israel's third-largest city.

Kibbutz Saar: [19]

* An Israeli man was killed Wednesday when a Katyusha struck Kibbutz Saar, north of Nahariya, as Hezbollah marked the resumption of strikes on northern Israel with a record number of some 210 rockets. The casualty was identified as 52-year-old Kibbutz Saar member David Lalchuk. He was killed as he rode his bicycle toward his home after a warning siren went off, said Yehuda Shavit, a local government official. Kibbutz residents said he was originally from the Boston area and had been living in Israel for 20 years. Lalchuk's wife and two daughters had moved to the south earlier in the fighting, Shavit said.
Ma'alot:

* Another five rockets landed in open areas near the Western Galilee town of Ma'alot

Nahariya:

* In Nahariya, a home caught fire after it was hit by a rocket.
* Israeli forces inspect damage Wednesday north of Nahariya after a Hezbollah rocket killed a person.

Nahariya; Safed; Tiberias; Karyat Shmona; Carmiel; Ma'alot; upper Galilee:

* Twenty-nine rockets hit inside the northern Israeli towns of Nahariya, Safed, Tiberias, Kiryat Shmona, Carmiel, Maalot as well as in upper Galilee, including some that struck homes.
Nazareth:

Rosh Pina:

Rosh Pina; Tiberias; Acre; Safed:

* Other homes were struck in Rosh Pina and Tiberias, where the houses were empty, in Acre and in Safed.

Safed:

Safed; Acre:

* Two people were moderately wounded by shrapnel in Safed and another person sustained light to moderate wounds in Acre.

Tiberias:

* In Tiberias, at least 11 Katyushas fell in several waves, and started a number of fires.

West Bank:

* Hezbollah missile strikes West Bank, some 70km from border.

* Also Wednesday, a missile fired by Hezbollah fell in an open area of the West Bank, some 70 kilometers from the northern border. This is the furthest a missile fired by the guerilla group has reached since the start of the conflict in Lebanon.

* In the West Bank, a rocket landed near Jenin, between the villages of Fakua and Jalboun, leaving a 2-meter crater, but causing no casualties."We know that they did not intend to strike Palestinian territory. They intended to strike Israel," said Fahmi Zarer, a spokesman for Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas' Fatah Party. "It was only a technical problem that made this rocket land here in the Palestinian territories."

03 August 2006, Thursday: Day 23:

CNN: An IDF missile struck a house in Taibeh in the early morning, killing a family of three, Lebanese security officials said. Taibeh was the scene of fighting between IDF & Hezbollah. Hezbollah said it destroyed one IDF tank and two bulldozers killing or woundings it occupants. IDF said one tank was damaged with no casualties.
132 rockets hit Israel by 1300 hrs localtime. 100 hitting northern Israel in a matter of minutes. Israeli death toll in the conflict stood at 67, with 41 soldiers killed in fighting and 26 civilians in rocket attacks. Leabanese PM Saniora said more than 900 people had been killed and 3,000 wounded, but he did not say whether the new figure, a rise of 380 from 520 confirmed dead also included those missing presumed dead.
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah vowed to strike Tel Aviv in retaliation for Israel's bombardment of Lebanon's capital, Beirut. "If you hit Beirut, the Islamic resistance will hit Tel Aviv and is able to do that with God's help," Nasrallah said in a televised address.
Hezbollah spokesman Hussein Rahal told al Jazeera television: "Declaring a cease-fire is not the concern of the people of Lebanon as long as there is one Israeli soldier on Lebanese soil -- even one meter (into Lebanon).. We will not accept any (Israeli) soldier staying on Lebanese territory, and it is the right of every Lebanese to fight until liberation."
Israeli Defense Minister Peretz announced that he had instructed the IDF to prepare for "a swift takeover of the entire area south of the Litani [River]" and to operate in all the areas where rockets had been launched. An incursion to the Litani would represent a distance of 18 miles (29 km) into south Lebanon. IDF said its soldiers have taken up positions in or near 11 towns and villages in south Lebanon, a zone reaching from the coast to the 'Galilee Panhandle' eastwards. Estimates of IDF forces in S.Lebanon were six bridages approximately 10,000 soldiers.
IDF bombers, reportedly fired two rockets at a house in Baalbek. One woman died and three people were wounded, IDF officials stated.

A barrage of Hezbollah rockets slammed into northern Israel on Thursday, killing six people. Rocket alert sirens were triggered in cities and other communities across northern Israel in mid-morning and early afternoon.

After two days in which Hezbollah fired almost no rockets at Israel, some 210 rockets and missiles were launched on Wednesday toward northern communities - the largest number since the beginning of the fighting. One man, Dave Lalchuk, 52, of Kibbutz Sa'ar, was killed and 16 others were wounded, three moderately, in the attacks.Long-range rockets and missiles also fell in the Palestinian Authority between Jenin and Beit She'an and in the area of Afula. Some 2,050 rockets have been fired at Israel from Lebanon during the current conflict thus far, killing 24 civilians.The missile that was launched toward Beit She'an landed some 200 meters from the houses of the Palestinian village of Faquah, at the foot of Mount Gilboa, some 80 kilometers from the northern border. No injuries were reported in the incident.This was the furthest from Lebanon a Hezbollah missile has struck."The missile landed in the middle of an olive grove," a Faquah resident, Taher Majid, told Haaretz. "We thought a missile might land here and still we are not angry with Nassan Nasrallah. This is a war against Israel and we are on the other side, and so we see these missiles as the minimal price, the tax we have to pay."Majid added that "all the families of the prisoners look with pride at Hezbollah and hope it will bring about the release of their sons. No one likes war, but Nasrallah is the commander of resistance in the Arab world."Hezbollah pounded northern Israel with 160 rockets Thursday, killing seven people and injuring several, Israeli police said, after Israel resumed airstrikes on Beirut's suburbs.

Acre.
* And another three were killed when a rocket exploded near their vehicle in Acre. Three other people were wounded in the strike on Acre.

Akko:

* Four were killed in Akko, Israel, just north of Haifa.

Beit She'an:

* A siren was sounded in Beit She'an during the launch of the missile toward the city. The Gilboa Regional Council is not connected to the alarm system.

Haifa; Acre:

* While two more landed in Haifa and Acre.

Horfesh:

Kiryat Shmona:

* Kiryat Shmona was hit by three rockets Thursday afternoon.

Ma'alot:

* Eight rockets hit the Ma'alot area before dawn Thursday in the first nighttime Hezbollah rockets attack on Israel. Three rockets scored direct hits on homes in the northern town causing severe damage.

* Three died in the Maalot area, which is closer to the Lebanese border, police said.

Tarhisha:

* Three people were killed when a rocket crashed directly into a house near the northern town of Tarhisha.

04 August 2006, Friday: Day 24:
Hezbollah militants fired 135 Katyusha rockets into northern Israel on Friday, killing three civilians and wounding one in Tiberias and one in Safed, Israeli police said. Four people killed in Acre, three in village near Ma'alot. Eight people killed in rocket strikes in northern Israel
A barrage of Hezbollah rockets slammed into northern Israel on Thursday, killing at least eight Israelis.

Four people were killed when a rocket crashed directly into a house near the northern town of Ma'alot, and another four were killed when a rocket exploded near their vehicle in Acre.Four people were seriously wounded and two others sustained moderate wounds in rocket strikes in Acre, Hurfeish and Kiryat Shmona. Another 31 people were also lightly wounded in the attacks.Shimon Zaribi, 44, and Albert ben Abu, 41, both of Acre, were killed in the rocket attack on their hometown. Sinati Sinati, Amir Naeem and Mohammed Fouad, all 17-year-old residents of the village of Tarshiha, were killed in the attack near Ma'alot.
Woman killed as Hezbollah renews Kaytusha fire across north
Salvos of Hezbollah rockets slammed into northern Israel on Friday afternoon killing one person a day after at least eight Israelis were killed in attacks. Also in Friday's attacks two people were seriously hurt and two moderately wounded by rocket hits. Two rocket that landed in the village of Maghar near Tiberias killed a woman and seriously wounded another man. A person was also seriously wounded in an attack on the town of Kiryat Shmona and two sustained moderate injuries. A person suffered light wounds after six Katyushas slammed into the town of Safed.In other attacks four Katyushas landed in the town of Nahariya, four in the Golan Heights, and three hit the town of Carmiel. There were no casualties in any of these attacks.Earlier on Friday two rockets hit open areas near Kiryat Shmona, causing no casualties.In Thursday's attacks four people were killed when a rocket crashed directly into a house near the northern town of Ma'alot, and another four were killed when a rocket exploded near their vehicle in Acre.Rocket fire on Thursday seriously wounded four people and moderately wounded two in strikes on Acre, Hurfeish and Kiryat Shmona. At least 30 people were lightly wounded in the attacks.Shimon Zaribi, 44, and Albert ben Abu, 41, both of Acre, were killed in the rocket attack on their hometown. Sinati Sinati, Amir Naeem and Mohammed Fouad, all 17-year-old residents of the village of Tarshiha, were killed in the attack near Ma'alot.Also Thursday, four Israel Defense Forces soldiers were killed and two others were seriously wounded in heavy fighting with Hezbollah guerillas in south Lebanon. The Prime Minister's Office said the government would put an end to rocket attacks by continuing to fight Hezbollah."The Israeli government, along with the Israeli people are fully determined to break this Hezbollah threat and to restore quiet to Israel's north. We will seek and pursue Hezbollah without relenting and we will put an end to these murderous attacks," said David Baker, an official in the PMO.A total of 160 rockets were fired by late afternoon Thursday, 130 of which fell between the hours of 4 P.M. and 5 P.M. Hardest hit were the towns of Nahariya, Ma'alot and Kiryat Shmona. Rockets also landed in Haifa, the Golan Heights, Rosh Pina and Safed. More than 2,050 rockets have been fired at Israel from Lebanon during the current conflict, killing 27 civilians.Hezbollah fired at least 30 rockets across the north on Thursday morning, striking Kiryat Shmona, Haifa, the Ma'alot area and the Golan Heights.Rocket alert sirens were triggered in cities and other communities across northern Israel in mid-morning and early afternoon.Eight rockets hit the Ma'alot area before dawn Thursday in the first nighttime Hezbollah rockets attack on Israel. Three rockets scored direct hits on homes in the northern town, causing severe damage.On Wednesday, after two days almost no Hezbollah rocket strikes at Israel, some 210 rockets and missiles were launched on Wednesday toward northern communities - the largest number since the beginning of the fighting. Dave Lalchuk, 52, of Kibbutz Sa'ar, was killed and 16 others were wounded, three moderately, in the attacks.Long-range rockets and missiles also fell in the Palestinian Authority between Jenin and Beit She'an and in the area of Afula.

06 August 2006, Saturday: Day 25:
Six people lightly hurt as rockets hit Haifa suburbs
One woman died of a heart attack and six others were lightly injured after dozens of Katyusha rockets fired by Hezbollah landed across northern Israel on Saturday. Ten people were treated for shock.Frida Kellner, an 87-year-old resident of Kiryat Ata who took cover in a bomb shelter during the rocket strikes, suffered a heart attack after requesting to return to her home. She was evacuated to Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, where she was later pronounced dead.Local police say a home in the area was burning after it took a direct hit. Several cars were also damaged, police said.
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Another missile slammed into the yard of a house, causing heavy damage. A number of vehicles nearby as well as an adjacent open field caught fire. The blaze was subsequently extinguished by fire authorities.A fire station in the Haifa suburbs sustained light structural damage after a missile hit within its vicinity. Firefighters who had already left the station upon hearing of the missile strikes earlier were not injured.Also hit in Saturday's barrage were Kiryat Shmona, Tiberias, and the Lower Galilee.Authorities in Hadera and Zichron Yaakov resumed searching Saturday for remnants of long-range missiles fired from southern Lebanon.

Mother, two daughters killed in rocket strike on Bedouin village
A woman and her two daughters were killed when their home suffered a direct hit in a Katyusha rocket strike on the Bedouin village of Arab al-Aramshe, in the Western Galilee near the northern border, on Saturday.The fatalities were identified as Fadiya Juma'a, 60, and her daughters Sultana, 31, and Samira, 33.Hezbollah fired 170 Katyusha rockets across northern Israel on Saturday afternoon, 130 of which landed between 4 P.M. and 5 P.M.
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An Israel Defense Forces soldier sustained serious wounds when a rocket hit an army base near the northern border.Some 40 rockets landed in Kiryat Shmona, one of which hit a factory. Some 17 rockets landed around Safed, four hit in the vicinity of Carmiel, 15 landed near Nahariya, 14 hit the Golan Heights, 19 landed in Ma'alot, four landed in Acre and one landed in Rosh Pina. Also hit in Saturday's barrage were the village of Maghar, Tiberias, Ma'alot, Shlomi, and Rosh Hanikra. Some of the rockets hit homes and damaged infrastructure.One woman died of a heart attack and six others were lightly injured after Katyusha rockets landed in the Haifa region. Ten people were treated for shock.Frida Kellner, an 87-year-old resident of Kiryat Ata who took cover in a bomb shelter during the rocket strikes, suffered a heart attack after requesting to return to her home. She was evacuated to Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, where she was later pronounced dead.Local police say a home in the area was burning after it took a direct hit. Several cars were also damaged, police said.Another missile slammed into the yard of a house, causing heavy damage. A number of vehicles nearby as well as an adjacent open field caught fire. The blaze was subsequently extinguished by fire authorities.A fire station in the Haifa suburbs sustained light structural damage after a missile hit within its vicinity. Firefighters who had already left the station upon hearing of the missile strikes earlier were not injured.Authorities search for remnants of missiles fired at HaderaAuthorities in Hadera and Zichron Yaakov resumed searching Saturday for remnants of long-range missiles fired from southern Lebanon.Hezbollah on Friday struck deeper inside Israel than ever before, firing missiles which struck open fields near the town of Hadera, 75 kilometers (50 miles) south of the Lebanese border, police said. No injuries were reported.Medical crews rushed two people to Hillel Yaffeh Medical Center in the city, where they were treated for shock.As a result of the strike, the Israel Defense Forces Homefront Command renewed its safety instructions for residents of towns south of Haifa in the event of further missile attacks.Hezbollah released a statement late Friday claiming to have fired its "Khaibar 1" missiles at Hadera, a weapon similar to the one used against Afula last week.Police Northern Command chief Major General Dan Ronen confirmed that at least one missile struck the Hadera region, marking the southernmost point that was hit by Hezbollah missile fire since the start of fighting with Israel three weeks prior.Local police dispatchers received dozens of calls from alarmed residents who reported hearing a loud explosion. The callers asked if the cause of the blast was missile fire.Ronen said the missiles carry a heavy payload of dozens of kilograms of explosives. Thus, echoes of the blast could be heard from afar.A short time later, the IDF announced that the air force struck a target which appeared to be the missile launcher thought to have fired the "Khaibar 1" at Hadera. After the strike, a number of smaller explosions were noticed at the scene, indicating that the area was scattered with explosive material.Earlier Friday, three people were killed and 29 wounded, including one critically and three seriously, as Hezbollah fired more than 200 Katyusha rockets into northern Israel throughout the day. Manal Azzam, a 27-year-old mother of two, was killed in the mixed Druze-Muslim-Christian village of Maghar in the Lower Galilee, near Tiberias, when a rocket hit an adjacent apartment. Her children sustained light wounds, and two Maghar residents sustained serious wounds in the strike. Azzam was laid to rest Friday at 7 P.M.Two people were killed and several others were wounded when a rocket hit a restaurant in the Druze village of Majdal Krum.Police en route to the scene of the damage in Majdal Krum encountered difficulty in reaching the wounded due to the swelling crowd of people nearby.A resident of Sh'ar Yeshuv, adjacent to Kiryat Shmona, was critically wounded in a rocket strike Friday. One person sustained serious wounds when a Katyusha struck the village of Arab village of Bu'aineh, near Majdal Krum.In Kiryat Shmona, where close to 60 rockets landed Friday, two people were moderately injured; three people were lightly wounded in Horfesh, and one person was lightly wounded in Safed.In a barrage of rockets fired at Migdal Ha'emek, three people sustained injuries - one moderately and two suffered light wounds.Friday's fatalities bring the number of people killed in Katyusha strikes since July 12 to 30.According to the police, Hezbollah has fired 2,500 rockets at Israel in recent weeks.Close to 200 Katyusha rockets struck towns all across the north Friday, the worst blow being the approximately 60 rockets which hit Kiryat Shmona. In the coastal town of Nahariya, 32 rockets were reported to have landed, 14 rockets slammed into Ma'alot, Safed absorbed six rockets, the Tiberias region was hit by close to 10 rockets, and three rockets were reported to have struck the Carmiel region.A torrent of rockets were fired in the direction of the Golan Heights on Friday, some of which landed in Quneitra, a town on the Syrian side of the border.IDF Brigadier-General Shuki Shihrur of the Northern Command told reporters Friday that the Katyusha strike on Syrian Quneitra is a cynical attempt by Hezbollah to drag Damascus into the conflict.Earlier on Friday two rockets hit open areas near Kiryat Shmona, causing no casualties.In Thursday's attacks four people were killed when a rocket crashed directly into a house near the northern town of Ma'alot, and another four were killed when a rocket exploded near their vehicle in Acre.Rocket fire on Thursday seriously wounded four people and moderately wounded two in strikes on Acre, Hurfeish and Kiryat Shmona. At least 30 people were lightly wounded in the attacks.Shimon Zaribi, 44, and Albert ben Abu, 41, both of Acre, were killed in the rocket attack on their hometown. Sinati Sinati, Amir Naeem and Mohammed Fouad, all 17-year-old residents of the village of Tarshiha, were killed in the attack near Ma'alot.Also Thursday, four Israel Defense Forces soldiers were killed and two others were seriously wounded in heavy fighting with Hezbollah guerrillas in south Lebanon. The Prime Minister's Office said the government would put an end to rocket attacks by continuing to fight Hezbollah."The Israeli government, along with the Israeli people are fully determined to break this Hezbollah threat and to restore quiet to Israel's north. We will seek and pursue Hezbollah without relenting and we will put an end to these murderous attacks," said David Baker, an official in the PMO.A total of 160 rockets were fired by late afternoon Thursday, 130 of which fell between the hours of 4 P.M. and 5 P.M. Hardest hit were the towns of Nahariya, Ma'alot and Kiryat Shmona. Rockets also landed in Haifa, the Golan Heights, Rosh Pina and Safed. More than 2,050 rockets have been fired at Israel from Lebanon during the current conflict, killing 27 civilians.Hezbollah fired at least 30 rockets across the north on Thursday morning, striking Kiryat Shmona, Haifa, the Ma'alot area and the Golan Heights.Rocket alert sirens were triggered in cities and other communities across northern Israel in mid-morning and early afternoon.Eight rockets hit the Ma'alot area before dawn Thursday in the first nighttime Hezbollah rockets attack on Israel. Three rockets scored direct hits on homes in the northern town, causing severe damage.On Wednesday, after two days almost no Hezbollah rocket strikes at Israel, some 210 rockets and missiles were launched on Wednesday toward northern communities - the largest number since the beginning of the fighting. Dave Lalchuk, 52, of Kibbutz Sa'ar, was killed and 16 others were wounded, three moderately, in the attacks.Long-range rockets and missiles also fell in the Palestinian Authority between Jenin and Beit She'an and in the area of Afula.Yoav Stern, Amiram Barkat, Amos Harel, Jack Khoury, Eli Ashkenazi, and Ran Reznick contributed to this story..

06 August 2006, Sunday: Day 26:

At least 10 dead, 13 hurt, in massive Hezbollah rocket barrage across north
By Amiram Barkat, Amos Harel and Jack Khoury, Haaretz Correspondents and Haaretz Service
At least ten people were killed Sunday afternoon and 13 wounded, four of them seriously, in a direct hit on an open area in the northern community of Kfar Giladi, as Hezbollah renewed its rocket fire against Israel with what was described as an enormous barrage. The condition of two of the victims suffering from serious wounds deteriorated after arriving at the Rambam Medical Center in Haifa. Following the attack Hezbollah continued shelling that same area for a prolonged period, but no additional casualties were reported.
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A resident of Kfar Giladi who is on the community's security committee said that the victims did not adhere to warnings sounded ahead of the attack. "This shouldn't have happened," he said. "We sounded the alert several minutes before the rocket hits." "It was a direct hit on a crowd of people," Northern District Police Chief Major General Dan Ronen told Army Radio.A nearby forest burst into flames from the barrage and huge plumes of gray smoke rose into the air.Witnesses described the barrage of rockets as "enormous" and that it lasted more than fifteen minutes."I was sitting with my friends in a parking lot and got up to get a cigarette," an eye-witness told Haaretz, "I heard a big boom and came back running to see the bodies of my friends." In a later barrage, a Kiryat Shmona home sustained a direct hit, Channel 10 reported. There was no immediate report of casualties. Rockets that landed in the Beit Hillel community in the Upper Galilee left one person lightly wounded. In earlier attacks Sunday, three Katyusha rockets landed in an open area near Ma'alot, two in Safed, two in open areas near Acre and one landed in the Golan Heights. No casualties were reported in these attacks.Mother, two daughters killed in Saturday attacksOn Saturday, a woman and her two daughters were killed when their home suffered a direct hit in a Katyusha rocket strike on the Bedouin village of Arab al-Aramshe, in the Western Galilee near the northern border.The fatalities were identified as Fadiya Juma'a, 60, and her daughters Sultana, 31, and Samira, 33. They will be laid to rest at their village's cemetery at 4.00 P.M. Hezbollah fired 170 Katyusha rockets across northern Israel on Saturday afternoon, 130 of which landed between 4 P.M. and 5 P.M.An Israel Defense Forces soldier sustained serious wounds when a rocket hit an army base near the northern border.Some 40 rockets landed in Kiryat Shmona, one of which hit a factory. Some 17 rockets landed around Safed, four hit in the vicinity of Carmiel, 15 landed near Nahariya, 14 hit the Golan Heights, 19 landed in Ma'alot, four landed in Acre and one landed in Rosh Pina. The village of Maghar, Tiberias, Ma'alot, Shlomi, and Rosh Hanikra were also hit in Saturday's barrage. Some of the rockets hit homes and damaged infrastructure.

On Sunday morning Hezbollah launched a barrage of 30 rockets on northern Israel. Ten deaths occurred when a rocket hit a building in Kfar Giladi, Israeli ambulance services said. Another four were critically wounded, and a fifth was moderately injured, Israeli officials said.
Israeli Army Radio reporter Hadas Shteif described the scene in Kfar Giladi, according to The Associated Press.
"This was the most difficult thing I could have imagined in my career. There are nine bodies here covered in blankets, around us cars are going up in flames," AP quoted her as saying. "On one side is the cemetery, on the other side are the nine young bodies waiting for burial."
Six rockets also landed in Kiryat Shmona, critically wounding nine people, Israeli officials said. At least 10 Katyusha rockets struck open areas across Galilee in northern Israel, but there were no immediate reports of injuries, an Israeli police spokesman said.

Deaths in northern Israel
Twelve people were killed in the rocket attack on a building in Kfar Giladi, an Israeli hospital source said.
The rocket hit a group of soldiers at the small kibbutz near the Lebanon border, but Israel has not confirmed who died.
The hit on Kfar Giladi was part of a barrage of 160 rockets on northern Israel. (Watch the aftermath of a Hezbollah rocket barrage -- 1:35)
Israeli Army Radio reporter Hadas Shteif described the scene in Kfar Giladi.
"This was the most difficult thing I could have imagined in my career. There are nine bodies here covered in blankets, around us cars are going up in flames," Shteif told the AP. "On one side is the cemetery, on the other side are the nine young bodies waiting for burial."
Six rockets also landed in Kiryat Shmona, critically wounding nine people, Israeli officials said. At least 10 Katyusha rockets struck open areas across Galilee in northern Israel, but there were no immediate reports of injuries, an Israeli police spokesman said.

Hezbollah rockets pound Haifa
Attacks follow deadly hit in northern Israel that killed 12

Sunday, August 6, 2006; Posted: 2:18 p.m. EDT (18:18 GMT)
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Rocket strikes in Haifa Sunday night killed at least one person, wounded at least 65 and trapped others.
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HAIFA, Israel (CNN) -- A Hezbollah rocket strike leveled a building in an Arab neighborhood of Haifa, Israel, on Sunday night, killing at least one person and trapping others, ambulance services told CNN.
It was one of at least six rocket strikes on Haifa, Israel's third largest city, and among more than 180 fired into northern Israel Sunday, Gen. Ruth Yaron, a spokeswoman for Israel's foreign ministry told CNN.
Three sites in Haifa received "very considerable damage," she added.
Israeli ambulance services said 65 people were wounded in Haifa and taken to hospitals.
Hezbollah's deadliest single attack of the conflict hit earlier Sunday near Kfar Giladi, when a rocket strike killed 12 Israeli soldiers.
They were part of a reserve unit that had just been called up to fight in Lebanon, Israel Defense Forces said.
Israeli airstrikes, meanwhile, left at least eight civilians in Lebanon dead Sunday.
In an other development, the Israeli military said it has captured a Hezbollah militant involved in kidnapping two Israeli soldiers last month.
The kidnapping sparked the 26 days of fighting between Israel and Hezbollah that has killed nearly 800 people, mostly in Lebanon.
The IDF said the detained militant confessed to his role during interrogation by the Israeli military. (Watch details on what's known about this captured militant -- 2:13)
Deaths in northern Israel
Twelve people were killed in the rocket attack on a building in Kfar Giladi, an Israeli hospital source said.
It was the deadliest single Hezbollah rocket attack on northern Israel since hostilities began last month.
The rocket hit a group of soldiers at the small kibbutz near the Lebanon border, but Israel has not confirmed who died. (Watch the aftermath of a Hezbollah rocket barrage -- 1:35)
Israeli Army Radio reporter Hadas Shteif described the scene in Kfar Giladi.
"This was the most difficult thing I could have imagined in my career. There are nine bodies here covered in blankets, around us cars are going up in flames," Shteif told the AP. "On one side is the cemetery, on the other side are the nine young bodies waiting for burial."
Six rockets also landed in Kiryat Shmona, critically wounding nine people, Israeli officials said. At least 10 Katyusha rockets struck open areas across Galilee in northern Israel, but there were no immediate reports of injuries, an Israeli police spokesman said.
07 August 2006, Monday: Day 27:

Three wounded as Hezbollah gunners pound targets across the north
By Amiram Barkat, Amos Harel and Jack Khoury, Haaretz Correspondents and Haaretz Service
Hezbollah gunners renewed their rocket fire at northern Israel on Monday morning, firing over 90 rockets that hit targets across the north, wounding three people. Over 50 rockets landed in the Kiryat Shmona area. Eight rockets slammed into the Nahariya area. One of the rockets landed in the yard of a house, and the shrapnel lightly injured one of the residents.
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A second person sustained light-to-moderate wounds from a rocket strike near Safed. Other rockets hit Rosh Pina and Maalot, lightly wounding one person.Just before 11 A.M., rocket warning sirens began sounding in communities across the north from the Mediterranean to the Sea of Galilee.Gov't releases names of soldiers killed Sunday The government released the names Monday of Israel Defense Forces reservists killed in a Sunday rocket attack on Kfar Giladi.A total of 12 reserve soldiers were killed and 12 others were wounded, four of them seriously, in a direct hit on an open area in the northern community of Kfar Giladi. Several hours later, three people were killed and some 40 others were wounded in Haifa on Sunday evening in what was described as the heaviest rocket strike on Israel's third largest city since the attacks began on July 12. Some 22 rockets fell during the volley.The three people killed in Haifa were identified Monday morning: Hana Hamam, 62, and Labiba Mazauwi, 67, both residents of the city, and Roni Rubinsky, 30, of Kiryat Motzkin.Since the fighting began on July 12, 94 Israelis - 58 IDF soldiers and 36 civilians - have been killed. The names of the soldiers killed in Kfar Giladi had been withheld pending notification of next of kin:-- Captain Eliyahu Elkarif, 34, from Granot.-- Sergeant Major Marian Berkovich, 31, from Ashdod.-- Senior Sergeant Major Yosef Karakash, 41, from Afula.-- First Sergeant Major Shlomo Buchris, 36, from Sde Yitzhak.-- Staff Sergeant Yehuda Greenfeld, 27, from Jerusalem.-- Advanced Sergeant Major Shmuel Halfon, 41, from Bat Yam.-- First Sergeant Major Daniel Ben-David, 37, from Ahituv.-- Sergeant Major Ziv Balali, 28, from Kfar Sava.-- Sergeant Major Roi Ya'ish, 27, from Herzliya.-- Staff Sergeant Shaul Shai Miklovich, 21, from Natanya. Authorities have yet to release the names of two of the soldiers.In Haifa, five people were pulled from the rubble after a building collapsed in a strike on a residential neighborhood. One of those rescued was seriously hurt, and the rest sustained moderate injuries. A police commander told Israel Radio that a rocket slammed into two adjacent houses, causing them to partially collapse. One rocket fell between two buildings in a residential area on Mount Carmel, near the landmark Bahai Temple and several major tourist hotels, wounding six people and knocking down electrical lines. Glass littered the road, and a score of cars were damaged."Hundreds of people started running in all directions when they heard the siren. No one knew where to run because there were no shelters," said a local resident. "After the explosion we saw an elderly man who had been seriously hurt and we tried to help him. One of the neighbors was also laying there seriously hurt, and needed oxygen, but there wasn't any because it took a long time for the ambulances to arrive." "The rocket set fire to one of my balconies," said another local. "I went downstairs, and it was just catastrophic. You didn't know what to do." The head of the Magen David Adom rescue service said that people were wounded in at least three locations in Haifa. A spokesman for the Haifa fire department, Chezi Levi, said one crowded residential district suffered five or six hits."I heard a huge boom and all the windows in my apartment were shattered. It's the first time it happened in this area of the city but I knew anything is possible," said Yossef Yikutieli, 78, who lives across the street from the worst hit buildings."What we saw in Haifa tonight explains the essence of Israel's battle against Hezbollah, which continues to hide behind Lebanese civilians," David Baker, an official in the Prime Minister's Office told Haaretz on Sunday night. "Israel is determined to bring this Hezbollah terror to an end."Earlier Sunday evening, a rocket landed in Haifa, and seven more fell in open fields in its outlying suburbs. There were no reports of injuries in any of the incidents. Another rocket landed in the Jezreel Valley. Sirens also sounded in Binyamina and Hadera, but there were no rocket strikes reported. Hezbollah continued shelling the Kfar Giladi area for a prolonged period after the deadly attack, but there were no additional casualties. A resident of Kfar Giladi who is on the community's security committee said that the victims did not adhere to warnings sounded ahead of the attack. "This shouldn't have happened," he said. "We sounded the alert several minutes before the rocket hits." "It was a direct hit on a crowd of people," Northern District Police Chief Major General Dan Ronen told Army Radio.A reservist officer who was there at the time of the strike said that, "the soldiers who were hit were lying in a shaded area at the entrance to Kfar Giladi cemetery. They were lying on mattresses and resting. "We had already been there a week and there had been a siren almost every hour, and it had already started to become routine. We joked among ourselves that wherever we were was a safer place to be than Kiryat Shmona. In any case, for soldiers in the field, there is no hiding place." A nearby forest burst into flames from the barrage and huge plumes of gray smoke rose into the air.Witnesses described the barrage of rockets as "enormous" and that it lasted more than fifteen minutes."I was sitting with my friends in a parking lot and got up to get a cigarette," an eye-witness told Haaretz, "I heard a big boom and came back running to see the bodies of my friends." In a later barrage, a Kiryat Shmona home sustained a direct hit, Channel 10 reported. There was no immediate report of casualties. Rockets that landed in the Beit Hillel community in the Upper Galilee left one person lightly wounded. In earlier attacks Sunday, three Katyusha rockets landed in an open area near Ma'alot, two in Safed, two in open areas near Acre and one landed in the Golan Heights. No casualties were reported in these attacks.Mother, two daughters killed in Saturday attacksOn Saturday, a woman and her two daughters were killed when their home suffered a direct hit in a Katyusha rocket strike on the Bedouin village of Arab al-Aramshe, in the Western Galilee near the northern border.The fatalities were identified as Fadiya Juma'a, 60, and her daughters Sultana, 31, and Samira, 33. They will be laid to rest at their village's cemetery at 4.00 P.M. Hezbollah fired 170 Katyusha rockets across northern Israel on Saturday afternoon, 130 of which landed between 4 P.M. and 5 P.M.An Israel Defense Forces soldier sustained serious wounds when a rocket hit an army base near the northern border.Some 40 rockets landed in Kiryat Shmona, one of which hit a factory. Some 17 rockets landed around Safed, four hit in the vicinity of Carmiel, 15 landed near Nahariya, 14 hit the Golan Heights, 19 landed in Ma'alot, four landed in Acre and one landed in Rosh Pina. The village of Maghar, Tiberias, Ma'alot, Shlomi, and Rosh Hanikra were also hit in Saturday's barrage. Some of the rockets hit homes and damaged infrastructure.Haifa hospital evacuates 106 patients to basementRambam hospital in Haifa transferred patients from its cardiology and oncology departments to a makeshift alternative ward on a basement floor on Sunday night, following a barrage of Hezbollah rockets on the city.Three people were killed and more than a hundred injured in the attacks Sunday night.The patients were all moved within two hours.The Rambam maternity ward was moved to the basement two weeks ago. "It's not optimal, nut it's better than nothing, and more secure, said Professor Avraham Koten, head of the oncology department."We are speaking of patients some of whom are in serious condition with complications in treatment, who cannot be moved elsewhere or sent home. We are manging to give them chemotherapy and radiation treatments."Said cardiologist Tawfik Zedane, "It is not the cleanest, but it is the safest that there is, and was necessary under the current circumstances."Nurses in the department recalled a presentation given at the hospital several months ago, on preparing for possible attack. "At the time, we thought they were crazy," one nurse said.Another looked at the improvised department and remarked, "It recalls the blitz in London."

08 August 2006, Tuesday; Day 28:

Hezbollah kept up its barrage of rocket fire into northern Israel on Tuesday, wounding two people, Israeli police said. By early Tuesday evening, 145 rockets had crossed the border, including 14 that landed in towns, according to police.

09 August 2006, Wednesday: Day 29:

Hezbollah gunners fire at least 160 rockets at northern Israel
By Eli Ashkenazi, Roni Singer-Heruti, and Amiram Barkat, Haaretz Correspondents, and AP
Hezbollah gunners in Lebanon fired at least 160 rockets at northern Israel on Wednesday, close to half of which landed in the border town of Kiryat Shmona.Two Safed residents suffered light injuries and property was damaged as 10 barrages of rockets slammed into the city.Hezbollah on Wednesday also fired at least four long-range missiles which landed in open areas in the Beit She'an region in the north. No injuries or damage was reported. Three of the missiles struck uninhabited spaces in the Palestinian Authority close to the West Bank village of Fakua between Beit She'an and Jenin. The same area absorbed Hezbollah rockets last week.
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Authorities also located a remnant of a Hezbollah rocket fired Wednesday. The spot where the rocket landed has yet to be pinpointed, and police believe it may have disintegrated in mid-flight. Rockets also slammed into the northern town of Ma'alot, Acre, and the Golan Heights. No injuries were reported in any of the incidents.Warning sirens wailed throughout the north Wednesday morning. State to construct tent encampment for evacueesRa'anan Dinor, the director-general of the Prime Minister's Office, said Wednesday that the state would erect a tent encampment in Rosh Ha'ayin's Afeq Park similar to the one built last summer in Nitzanim to house settler evacuees from the Gaza Strip.The encampment is said to be able to hold 3,000 residents from the north. Tel Aviv municipality announced it would also absorb 3,000 inhabitants of Kiryat Shmona and the surrounding areas, relocating them to the Israel Trade Fairs and Convention Centers.More than 500 Kiryat Shmona residents left the town yesterday. "I can't stay here any more. I don't have air," Morris Ben-Itah said before boarding the bus to Netanya's Beit Goldmintz, a military rest and recreation compound. Kiryat Shmona Deputy Mayor Sami Malul supports the idea of getting the residents out of the city. "At the point they will be going for a week. It may be longer. We want to get the people in the shelters out to some fresh air." Malul says in the coming days about 1,000 people will be sent out. 160 rockets hit north on TuesdayAt least 160 Katyusha rockets slammed into northern Israel on Tuesday. Two people were wounded, one moderately and one lightly, when a rocket hit a home in the Western Galilee town of Fasouta on Tuesday afternoon. Most of the rockets landed in the northern cities of Acre, Nahariya, Safed and Tiberias. Four rockets landed late Tuesday in Kiryat Shmona and Nahariya. There were no injuries reported in either incident.At least 20 rockets slammed into the hard-hit Upper Galilee town of Kiryat Shmona earlier Tuesday, causing damages to structures and starting a number of fires. Also on Tuesday, four rockets landed in open fields in the northern region of the Golan Heights. No casualties were reported as a result of the rocket fire. Three rockets were fired at Ma'alot, one of which hit a residential building, and two rockets landed in open areas in Acre. No injuries were reported in the rocket strikes.A number of residents were treated, one of them a pregnant woman, Channel 2 television reported.Rockets also fell in open areas near Tiberias and Nahariya, causing neither damage nor injuries.Residents of a wide area of the Galilee were ordered into bomb shelters prior to the barrages. 160 rockets landed in northern Israel on Monday, as well. More than 70 of them landed in and around Kiryat Shmona, with the remainder falling on Rosh Pina, Safed, Ma'alot and Acre. One person sustained light to moderate injuries and 16 were slightly wounded in the day's attacks.
10 August 2006, Thursday: Day 30:

11 August 2006, Friday: Day 31:

Six people hurt in Katyusha rocket strikes in northern Israel
By Nir Hasson, Haaretz Correspondent and Haaretz Service
Six people were hurt as Hezbollah militants fired over 100 rocket across northern Israel on Friday.One person was moderately wounded when a Katyusha rocket hit an 11-story building in Kiryat Shmona. Two others were lightly wounded by shrapnel after a rocket hit a house in the city. Another house went up in flames after it sustained a direct rocket hit.A Safed resident sustained light wounds as a heavy barrage of Katyusha rockets landed in the Upper Galilee. Rockets also landed in the Golan Heights.
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Rocket alert sirens sounded throughout northern Israel, and in the Lower Galilee, Afula, Nazareth and Migdal Ha'emek.Earlier Friday, 15 rockets were fired at Haifa and its suburbs. After the barrage hit, the army said it had destroyed three launchers from which the rockets were fired, two of which had diameters of 302 mm. Most of the rockets that hit Haifa in the first barrage landed in open areas, aside from one, which landed in the southern part of the city, lightly wounding two people. Three others were treated for shock. One of the rockets that hit southern Haifa was identified as "Khaibar 1" missile.In the second barrage, most of the rockets landed in open areas, except for one which hit a home in a Haifa suburb. Nine people were treated for shock.After the rocket strike, the Coastal Highway from Tel Aviv to Haifa was closed briefly.Earlier Friday, rockets hit the Western Galilee. Rockets landed near Nahariya, Acre, and Shlomi, where a residential building sustained a direct hit.Alert sirens were also sounded in Zichron Ya'akov, Atlit and Binyamina, all south of Haifa.Mother, son killed in rocket strike on Dir al-AssadA barrage of some 185 rockets fired by Hezbollah on Thursday killed five-year-old Fathi Assadi and his mother Miriam, 26, in the western Galilee village of Dir al-Assad.Eleven other people were wounded in the attack, including Faris, the three-year-old brother of the boy who was killed, who sustained serious injuries. The dead woman's mother-in-law was also seriously hurt. One other person was moderately hurt and eight suffered light wounds. Village residents wounded in the attack were evacuated to hospital in Nahariya.By mid-afternoon, Hezbollah fired some 165 rockets at cities and towns across northern Israel including Kiryat Shmona, Nahariya, Carmiel and Safed. Four strikes were also identified on the Golan Heights. Hezbollah scored direct hits on homes in Carmiel and Safed, where one person suffered from shock. Fires caused by the rocket hits raged in forests in the Golan Heights and the central Galilee. The largest fire broke out near Safed and firefighters were battling the flames Thursday afternoon. According to military sources, six long-range rockets landed in open fields west of the town of Beit She'an, causing no injuries but sparking a blaze that was extinguished by firefighters from the Jezreel Valley. In total, eight long-range rockets were fired Wednesday, of which one landed in the Palestinian Authority, close to the village of Faquah, which was also hit by a Hezbollah rocket last week. Haifa was also targeted by at least one long-range rocket, a piece of which was found in the city. Police sources said that the rocket probably disintegrated in flight. Elsewhere, two Safed residents suffered light injuries as at least four barrages of rockets slammed into the town. A number of houses in the area sustained light damage. Nahariya also came under Katyusha fire Wednesday, with some 33 rockets landing in the city, causing damage to one building but no injuries. In addition, rockets slammed into Ma'alot, Acre and the Golan Heights. No injuries were reported in any of these incidents. But Kiryat Shmona bore the brunt of Wednesday's rocket attacks, with the town coming under several barrages throughout the day. Two homes sustained damage and one person was injured in the attacks. A number of fires also broke out in and around the town. In total, some 3,350 rockets have been fired at northern Israel since the beginning of the war.

12 August 2006, Saturday: Day 32:

Three people lightly hurt as Hezbollah renews rocket fire
By Nir Hasson, Haaretz Correspondent and Haaretz Service
Three people were lightly wounded on Saturday as Hezbollah renewed rocket fire across northern Israel. Five rockets landed in open areas near Safed. Two people sustained light wounds after a rocket hit their home in Amirim, in the Upper Galilee. One person was lightly hurt and a building was damaged as six rockets landed in Kiryat Shmona.
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Rocket alert sirens sounded throughout the Upper Galilee, Carmiel, Tiberias and Rosh Pina.Six people were hurt as Hezbollah militants fired 120 rockest across northern Israel on Friday.One person was moderately wounded when a Katyusha rocket hit an 11-story building in Kiryat Shmona. Two others were lightly wounded by shrapnel after a rocket hit a house in the city. Another house went up in flames after it sustained a direct rocket hit.A Safed resident sustained light wounds as a heavy barrage of Katyusha rockets landed in the Upper Galilee. Rockets also landed in the Golan Heights.Rocket alert sirens sounded throughout northern Israel, and in the Lower Galilee, Afula, Nazareth and Migdal Ha'emek.Earlier Friday, 15 rockets were fired at Haifa and its suburbs. After the barrage hit, the army said it had destroyed three launchers from which the rockets were fired, two of which had diameters of 302 mm. Most of the rockets that hit Haifa in the first barrage landed in open areas, aside from one, which landed in the southern part of the city, lightly wounding two people. Three others were treated for shock. One of the rockets that hit southern Haifa was identified as "Khaibar 1" missile.In the second barrage, most of the rockets landed in open areas, except for one which hit a home in a Haifa suburb. Nine people were treated for shock.After the rocket strike, the Coastal Highway from Tel Aviv to Haifa was closed briefly.Earlier Friday, rockets hit the Western Galilee. Rockets landed near Nahariya, Acre, and Shlomi, where a residential building sustained a direct hit.Alert sirens were also sounded in Zichron Ya'akov, Atlit and Binyamina, all south of Haifa.Mother, son killed in rocket strike on Dir al-AssadA barrage of some 185 rockets fired by Hezbollah on Thursday killed five-year-old Fathi Assadi and his mother Miriam, 26, in the western Galilee village of Dir al-Assad.Eleven other people were wounded in the attack, including Faris, the three-year-old brother of the boy who was killed, who sustained serious injuries. The dead woman's mother-in-law was also seriously hurt. One other person was moderately hurt and eight suffered light wounds. Village residents wounded in the attack were evacuated to hospital in Nahariya.By mid-afternoon, Hezbollah fired some 165 rockets at cities and towns across northern Israel including Kiryat Shmona, Nahariya, Carmiel and Safed. Four strikes were also identified on the Golan Heights. Hezbollah scored direct hits on homes in Carmiel and Safed, where one person suffered from shock. Fires caused by the rocket hits raged in forests in the Golan Heights and the central Galilee. The largest fire broke out near Safed and firefighters were battling the flames Thursday afternoon. According to military sources, six long-range rockets landed in open fields west of the town of Beit She'an, causing no injuries but sparking a blaze that was extinguished by firefighters from the Jezreel Valley. In total, eight long-range rockets were fired Wednesday, of which one landed in the Palestinian Authority, close to the village of Faquah, which was also hit by a Hezbollah rocket last week. Haifa was also targeted by at least one long-range rocket, a piece of which was found in the city. Police sources said that the rocket probably disintegrated in flight. Elsewhere, two Safed residents suffered light injuries as at least four barrages of rockets slammed into the town. A number of houses in the area sustained light damage. Nahariya also came under Katyusha fire Wednesday, with some 33 rockets landing in the city, causing damage to one building but no injuries. In addition, rockets slammed into Ma'alot, Acre and the Golan Heights. No injuries were reported in any of these incidents. But Kiryat Shmona bore the brunt of Wednesday's rocket attacks, with the town coming under several barrages throughout the day. Two homes sustained damage and one person was injured in the attacks. A number of fires also broke out in and around the town. In total, some 3,350 rockets have been fired at northern Israel since the beginning of the war.

Attacks also continued in the other direction, with about 48 rockets landing in northern Israel Saturday by 6 p.m., 14 of them reaching cities, officials said. On Friday, Hezbollah launched 150 rockets, Israeli authorities told CNN.
Since the war began, 873 Lebanese have been killed, most of them civilians, according to Lebanese Internal Security Forces, and 3,491 wounded. Israel said 85 military personnel and 40 civilians had been killed and about 1,000 wounde..

13 August 2006, Sunday: Day 33:

One dead, at least 10 wounded as Hezbollah fires rockets
By Nir Hasson, Eli Askenazi, Jack Houri, Ran Reznick, Haaretz Correspondents and Haaretz Service
Hezbollah fired more than 170 rockets at northern towns on Sunday, killing one person and injuring at least nine.On Sunday morning, Hezbollah fired a number of heavy rocket barrages into northern Israel, killing one person and wounding at least nine. The fatal incident occurred in a community near Shlomi when a rocket crashed directly into a house, killing Mahadi Hiyat, 60.
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During the afternoon, 10 rockets hit open fields in and around Haifa, but no casualties or damage were reported in this attack. Later in the day, one rocket hit Kiryat Ata and another hit Kiryat Motzkin. One woman was wounded by the shrapnel from the blast in these Haifa suburbs.
14 August 2006, Monday, Day 34: 250+ rockets:

One person killed as over 250 rockets strike northern Israel
By Nir Hasson, Eli Askenazi, Jack Houri, Ran Reznick, Haaretz Correspondents and Haaretz Service
Hezbollah gunners in Lebanon fired at least 250 rockets at northern Israeli towns on Sunday, killing one person and injuring at least 29 others, including three seriously.This was the highest number of rockets to hit Israel in a single day since the start of the conflict on July 12.At least five of the rockets were long-range missiles provided by Syria, which landed in open areas in the Jezreel Valley town of Migdal Hae'emek.
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A barrage of rockets landed across the north Sunday morning. Mahadi Hiyat, 83, was killed when a rocket crashed directly into his house near the town of Shlomi. Hiyat was the sole Egyptian resident of the northern Jewish community of Ya'arah. Another five people were lightly wounded in the attack, and houses in the community were damaged.Six were wounded, one seriously, when a rocket hit near a school in the suburbs of Haifa. Another three sustained light to moderate wounds in the attack.Three people were wounded, two seriously and one lightly, when a rocket crashed next to a residential building in the Haifa suburbs. Twelve cars burst into flames when a rocket hit a parking lot in Haifa, but there were no injuries.Two people were wounded, one lightly and another moderately, when a rocket hit a Western Galilee community.Another woman was moderately wounded when a rockets slammed into the town of Safed. Eight others were lightly wounded in the attack. Another was lightly injured by shrapnel when a rocket landed near him in the border town of Kiryat Shmona. About 50 of the day's rockets landed in the northern town of Nahariya. Another 50 rockets landed in Kiryat Shmona and the Galilee panhandle.A total of 152 Israeli have been killed since the start of the war with Hezbollah, including 39 civilians and 113 soldiers.

Cease Fire! Maybe! We'll see! Who will break it first?

According to Israeli police, nearly 4,000 Hezbollah rockets hit northern Israel.

The Day After / The War in Numbers - 4,000 Katyushas, 42 civilians killed
By Eli Ashkenazi, Ran Reznick, Jonathan Lis and Jack Khoury
Initial statistics compiled by the Police Northern District, show that since the conflict broke out on July 12, Hezbollah fired 3,790 rockets across the border into Israel. Of these, 901 landed in communities, and 42 civilians were killed as a result of rocket strikes. The Health Ministry said 4,262 civilians were treated in hospitals for injuries. Of these, 33 were seriously wounded, 68 moderately and 1,388 lightly. Another 2,773 civilians were treated for shock and anxiety.
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The Israel Air Force conducted some 15,500 sorties over Lebanon and attacked more than 7,000 targets there. These flights included 10,000 combat sorties, some 2,000 battle helicopter sorties, some 1,000 Saar helicopter sorties, more than 1,300 reconnaissance flights and some 1,200 transport sorties. Israel Navy vessels sailed for more than 8,000 hours opposite Lebanon's beaches and fired about 2,500 times at Lebanon's coast. Targets included rocket launching sites, launchers, weapons stores, roads, Hezbollah infrastructures and radars, fuel depots and the coastal road. The IDF said that despite the 33-day blockade on Lebanon, it has permitted more than 200 ships to reach the country to evacuate civilians and bring relief supplies. The naval blockade on Lebanon will be maintained until a means of supervising materiel smuggling is established, the IDF said. Kiryat Shmona and the surrounding communi ties were the hardest hit - 1,012 rockets fell there, including 372 inside Kiryat Shmona and another 354 within its municipal boundaries. The municipality said 25 of its residents were wounded and 81 suffered from shock, and that 2,003 apartments and 151 vehicles were damaged. Throughout the conflict, only about 6,000 of the 24,000 residents remained in the town. Some 400 of them were evacuated for a few days yesterday. Meanwhile, residents of the Western Galilee began trickling back following the cease-fire. In the morning people were still wary of leaving the shelters, and the streets were mostly empty. In larger towns like Kiryat Shmona, Nahariya, Carmiel, Acre and others, shops and businesses remained shut. A few cafes reopened along Nahariya's main street, but few patrons were seen and most stores remained closed. Most residents, however, were yet to return to their homes after fleeing from the rockets some four weeks ago. A few businesses reopened in Acre as well. In Kiryat Shmona, where the streets had been deserted for the past month, people left their bomb shelters and walked outdoors. A few stores opened, and customers arrived. Traffic lights began to function for the first time in more than a month. "The air is a little different today," one of the residents said. Residents were doubtful and uncertain about the cease-fire agreement. Some said they very much hoped the Katyusha rocket fire would not be renewed, but were still apprehensive. In the afternoon, the local authorities in the north finally advised residents that they could leave their shelters, subject to Home Front Command instructions. People returned to their routines in Ma'alot yesterday morning, and many were seen in the streets. The residents, especially those whose homes were damaged or who were forced to shut their businesses, fear they will not be compensated adequately and are uncertain about their future. The mayors of the confrontation-line communities are scheduled to hold an emergency debate today to assess the damage and prepare for the future. The Israel Police said it would send hundreds more policemen to the northern district as reenforcements to help residents resume their routine. Police Commissioner Moshe Karadi held a debate at Police National Headquarters yesterday. Karadi instructed police chiefs to provide the necessary protection to people returning home after a long sojourn away. Education Minister Yuli Tamir said yesterday that the school year would open as scheduled on September 1 at most schools. However, the Education Ministry will make the final decision tomorrow, after its officials meet with mayors and municipal education directors in the north, in accordance with the instructions of the Home Front Command. Tamir said some 10,000 northern residents staying in boarding schools will be evacuated this week so that the school year will be able to open on time.

24. Reality TV shows - keeping track

2006-06-23T05:42:00.000-07:00

This list of reality TV shows is far from complete. These are only those reality TV shows I am interested in, or might be interested in, or that otherwise catch my eye. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_tv. Scroll down to "See Also" for long lists divided up into categories.

SPOILER Warning: Winners are named!

1. 24
1b. Airline [UK; Ch.4; Tim Flavin; 1998]
Airline is a British reality show that showcases the daily happenings of passengers, ground workers and on-board staff members of Britania and later easyJet in the British version. The show in the UK has been shown since 1998 on ITV (ITV1) and on syndication on Sky Travel. From time to time, the American A&E television channel shows the UK version of Airline, which they call Airline UK.
S1. 1998 [highlights V1 and V2 available on DVD]
2. Airline [US; ?; ?; 2004-2005]
Airline is an American television reality show that showcases the daily happenings of passengers, ground workers and on-board staff members of Southwest in the American version. The American version started in 2004 on the A&E television channel, and in the UK on ITV1 as Airline USA.
S1. 2004 =? [available on DVD] [watched on DVD in July 2006]
This hit reality-TV series takes viewers behind the ticket counter, into the cockpit and beyond the airport tarmac. "Airline" chronicles the ups and downs of passengers who board Southwest flights at Los Angeles International and Chicago's Midway Airport. You'll get a bird's-eye view of Southwest's controlled chaos -- from the pilots to the check-in staff and supervisors who are often on the receiving end of irate customers' wrath.
S2. 2005
S3. 2006

3. The Amazing Race [US; CBS; Phil Keoghan; Jerry Bruckheimer; 2002-]
S1. 2001 =Rob Frisbee & Brennan Swain over Frank & Margarita [watched some of it when it aired] [available on DVD-769 mins.] [watched on DVD in July 2006]
An instant phenomenon, the Emmy-winning "The Amazing Race" raised the bar for television reality programs. This inaugural season introduces the show's concept, which features rival teams traversing the globe competing for a million-dollar cash prize. Facing mental and physical challenges, contestants must not only outwit their opponents, but also keep their cool when complications arise and personalities clash within their own ranks.
S2. 2002 =?
S3. 2002 =?
S4. 2003 =Reichen Lehmkuhl & Chip Arndt over Kelly Parks & Jon Corso
S5. 2004 =Chip McAllister & Kim McAllister over Colin Guinn & Christie Woods
S6. 2004 =Freddy Holiday & Kendra Bentlry over Kris Perkins & Jon Buehler
S7. 2005 =Uchenna Agu & Joyce Agu over Amber Brkich & Rob Mariano [available on DVD]
S8. 2005 Family Edition =Linz family over Bransen family
S9. 2006 =B.J. & Tyler over Eric & Jeremy

4. An American Family [US; PBS; ?; 1973]

The first reality show in the modern sense was the PBS series An American Family. Twelve parts were broadcast in the United States in 1973. The series dealt with a nuclear family going through a divorce.
S1. 1973 =?
5. American Idol [US; FOX; Ryan Seacrest, and Brian Dunkleman (2002); 2002-2006]
S1. 2002 =Kelly Clarkson over Justin Guarini [watched bits and pieces now and then] [highlights on DVD] [watched best of 1-4 on DVD in July 2006] [worst of 1-4 on DVD]
S2. 2003 =Ruben Studdard over Clay Aiken [watched best of 1-4 on DVD in 2006] [worst of 1-4 on DVD]
S3. 2004 =Fantasie Barrino over Diana DeGarmo [watched best of 1-4 on DVD in 2006] [worst of 1-4 on DVD]
S4. 2005 =Carrie Underwood over Bo Rice [watched best of 1-4 on DVD in 2006] [worst of 1-4 on DVD]
S5 2006 =Taylor Hicks over Katharine McPhee

S6 2007 =
6. American Inventor [US; ABC; Matt Galant; 2006]
S1. 2006 =Janusz Liberkowski (Anecia Safety Capsule) over Ed Hall (Word Ace) [watched all except Finale]
7. America's Got Talent [US; NBC; Regis Philbin; 2006]
S1. 2006 =Bianca Ryan won over Taylor Ware and Celtic Spring
8. America's Next Top Model [US; UPN; Tyra Banks; 2003-2006]
S1. 2003 =? [available on DVD]
S2. 2004 =?
S3. 2004 =?
S4. 2005 =?
S5. 2006 =?
S6. 2006 =?
9. The Apprentice (Donald Trump) [US; NBC; Donald Trump; 2004-2006]
S1. 2004 =Bill Rancic over Kwame Jackson
S2. 2004 =Kelly Perdew over Jennifer Massey
S3. 2005 Street Smarts Versus Book Smarts =Kendra Todd over Tana Dowdell
S4. 2005 =Randal Pinkett over Rebecca Jarvis
S5. 2006 =Sean Yazbeck over Lee Bienstock

S6. 2007 =? [Coming in January 2007 from LA]
10. The Apprentice (Martha Stewart) [US; NBC; Martha Stewart; 2005]
S1. 2005 =Dawna Stone over Bethenny Frankel
11. Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts [US; ?; Arthur Godfrey; 1948-]
S1. 1948- =? [watched a little of it as a kid]
12. Average Joe [US; NBC; Kathy Griffin; 2003-2005]
S1. 2003 =Melana Scantlin chose Jason Peoples over Adam Mesh
S2. 2004 Hawaii =Larissa Meek chose Gil Hyatt over Brian Worth
S3. 2004 Adam Returns =Adam Mesh chose Samantha Trenk over Rachel Goetz
S4. 2005 The Joes Strike Back =Anna Chudoba chose Nathan Griffin over Rocky Fain

13. The Bachelor [US; ABC; Chris Harrison; 2002-2006]
S1. 2002 =Alex Michel chose Amanda Marsh over Trisha Rehn [watched highlights version on DVD]
S2. 2002 =?
S3. 2003 =?
S4. 2003 =?
S5. 2004 =?
S6. 2004 =Byron Velvick chose Mary Delgado over Tanya Michel
S7. 2005 =Charlie O'Connell chose Sarah Brice over Krisily Kennedy
S8. 2006 =Travis Stork chose ? over ?
14. The Bachelorette [US; ABC; Chris Harrison; 2003-2005]
S1. 2003 =Trisha Rehn chose ? over ?
S2. 2004 =?
S3. 2005 =? [watched several episodes]
15. Beat the Clock [US; ?; ?; 1950-]
S1. 1950- [watched it some as a kid]
16. Big Brother [US; CBS; Julie Chen; 2000-2006]
S1. 2000 =?
S2. 2001 =?
S3. 2002 =? [available on DVD]
S4. 2003 X-Factor =Jun Song 6/1 over Alison Irwin [available on DVD]
S5. 2004 Project Do Not Assume =Drew Daniel 4/3 over Michael 'Cowboy' Ellis
S6. 2005 Summer Of Secrets =Maggie Ausburn 4/3 over Ivette Corredero
S7. 2006 All-Star =Mike "boogie" Malin 6/1 over Erika Landin

17. The Biggest Loser [US; NBC; Caroline Rhea; 2004-2006]
S1. 2004 =? [watched it most briefly]
S2. 2005 =? [watched it most briefly]
S3. 2006 =
18. Boot Camp [US; FOX; 4 DIs; 2001]
S1. 2001 =Jen Whitlow over Ryan Wolff
19. Brat Camp [US; ABC; ?; 2005]
S1. 2005 =? [watched a little of it now and then]
20. Candid Camera [US; ?; Allen Funt; 1948-]
S1. 1948-
...many...
S? -? =? [watched some of it as a kid]

21. The Casino [US; ?; ?; Mark Burnett; ?]
S1. ?

22. Celebrity Duets [US; FOX; ?; 2006]

S1. 2006 =? [watching it now]

23. Celebrity Mole [US; ABC; Ahmad Rashad; 2004]
S1. 2004 Celebrity Mole Hawaii =Frederique Van der Wal was the mole. Kathy Griffin won $233,000. Erik Von Detten runner up. [available on DVD-270 mins.] [watched it on DVD in July 2006]
Ahmad Rashad hosts the first celebrity edition of this reality TV series based on mental toughness and sleuthing out the possible double-agent in the group, all in pursuit of a wad of cash. Seven celebrities - including Kathy Griffin and Frederique Van Der Wal -- journey to Hawaii and face challenges designed to test their determination, but one of them is the mole, a secret agent hired by the TV network to attempt to sabotage the games.
S2. 2004 Celebrity Mole Yucatan =?
24. Changing Rooms [UK; ?; ?; 1996-]
S1. 1996-
25. Colonial House [US; PBS; ?; 2004]
S1. 2004 =? [available on DVD]
26. The Contender [US; NBC, then ESPN; Sylvester Stallone & Sugar Ray Leonard; Mark Burnett; 2004-2005]
S1. 2004? =? [saw some previews; not into boxing at all]
S2. 2005? =? [on ESPN]

27. COPS [US; FOX; Harry Newman; 1989-2006]

COPS is an American Reality television series that follows police officers, constables, and sherriffs deputies during patrols and other police work. It is one of the longest-running television programs in the United States, and is often considered the original reality television program. Created by John Langley and Malcolm Barbour, it premiered on March 11, 1989. It won the American Television Award in 1993, and has earned four Emmy nominations. It celebrated its 650th episode on May 20, 2006.
S1. 1989
S2. 1990

S3. 1991

S4. 1992

S5. 1993

S6. 1994

S7. 1995

S8. 1996

S9. 1997

S10. 1998

S11. 1999

S12. 2000

S13. 2001

S14. 2002

S15. 2003

S16. 2004

S17. 2005

S18. 2006
28. Cupid [US; CBS; Simon Cowell; 2003]
S1. 2003 =Lisa Shannon chose Hank Stepleton over Robert ?

29. The Cut [US; CBS; Tommy Hilfiger; 2005]
S1. 2005 =? [watched it till it was shown at odd times, and then pulled, and shown on cable?]
30. Dancing With The Stars [US; ABC; Tom Bergeron & Lisa Canning; 2005]
S1. 2005 =Kelly Monaco, with Alec Mazo, over John O'Hurley, with Charlotte Jorgensen, then the other way in the rematch

S2. 2006 =Drew Lachy, with Cheryl Burke, over ?, with ?

S3. 2006 =? [watching it now]

31. The Edwardian Country House [UK; Ch.4; ?; 2002]
The Edwardian Country House was an acclaimed British mini-series in the reality tv genre, produced by Channel 4.
It was first aired in the UK in April 2002 and was later broadcast in the U.S. on various PBS stations in 2003 as Manor House, where extra footage was added.
In the series the Olliff-Cooper family are given the identities of turn-of-the-century aristocrats and housed in Manderston, an opulent Scottish country house, where they live for three months in the Edwardian style. Mr. and Dr. Olliff-Cooper become Sir John Olliff-Cooper, Bt, and Lady Olliff-Cooper.
Interest and conflict is provided by the 14 servants, portrayed by individuals from several walks of life. Chief among these was Hugh Edgar, an architect from Surrey, who was cast in the role of the butler.
Participants received instruction and a set of rules by which they were expected to abide for the duration of the experiment. Most of the ‘upstairs’ participants enjoy their time in the house, which is meant to represent the years 1905-1914. Those ‘below stairs’ have a different experience; for those in the lowest ranks, particularly the successive scullery maids, life appears to be intolerable.
S1. 2002 =?
32. Expedition Robinson [Sweden; ?; ?; 1997-]
S1. 1997-
33. Extreme Makeover [US; ABC; ?; 2002-2005]
S1. 2002-3 =?
S2. 2003-4 =? [watched Sandra & Karen on Ep #4 on 14 My 03] [available on DVD]
S3. 2004-5 =?
34. Extreme Makeover: Home Edition [US; ABC; Ty Pennington; 2003-2006]
P1. 2003 =? [Pilot]
S1. 2004 =? [available on DVD]
S2. 2004-5 =? [watched several episodes in a row up through Season Finale of Piestewa, with Jessica Lynch]
S3. 2005-6 =?
35. Extreme Makeover: Wedding Edition [US; ABC; ?; ?]
S1. ?
36. The Family [UK; ?; ?; 1974]

In 1974 a counterpart program [to An American Family], called The Family, was made in the UK, following the working class Wilkins family of Reading.
S1. 1974-
37. Fear Factor [US; NBC; Joe Rogan; 2001-2006]
S1. 2001 =? [available on DVD]
S2. 2002 =?
S3. 2003 =?
S4. 2004 =? [watched several episodes up through the entire 'couples' series]
S5. 2005 =?
S6. 2006 =?
38. Film School [US; ?; ?; ?]
S1. ? =? [available on DVD]
39. Fire Me...Please [US; CBS; Dave Holmes; 2005]
S1. 2005 =? [watched the first two episodes=Cherise Bangs & Rachel Stoite; Katie Wise & guy]
40. For Love or Money [US; NBC; Jordan Murphy; 2003-2004]
S1. 2003 =Rob Campos chose Erin Brodie over Paige Jones
S2. 2003 =Erin Brodie chose Chad Viggiano over Wade Whistler
S3. 2004 =Preston Mercer chose PJ Spillman over Rachael Veltri
S4. 2004 =Rachel Veltri 8 over Andrea Langi 7; Rachel chose Celeb Janus over Mike Deatly
41. Frontier House [US; PBS; ?; 2002]
S1. 2002 =Brooks family of 3, Clune family of 6, and Glenn family of 4 [watched on DVD in 2005]
42. The Gong Show [US; NBC; Chuck Barris; 1976-1980]
S1. 1976- =? [watched it a little]
S2. 1977 =?
S3. 1978 =?
S4. 1979 =?
S5. 1980 =?

42b. Grease:
43. Hell's Kitchen [US; FOX; Gordon Ramsey; 2005-2006]
S1. 2005 =Michael Wray over Ralph ?
S2. 2006 =Heather West won over Virginia Delbeck
44. I Am a Celebrity: Get Me Out of Here [US; ABC; John Lehr; 2003] S1. 2003 =? [watched much of it]
45. I Want To Be A Hilton [US; NBC; Kathy Hilton; 2005]
S1. 2005 =Jared Yates over Jackaay ?
46. The Jerry Springer Show [US; ?; ?; 1991]

Some talk shows, most notably The Jerry Springer Show, which debuted in 1991, try to present real-life drama within the talk show format by putting on guests likely to get into fights with one another on the set.
S1. 1991-
47. Laguna Beach [US; ?; ?; ?]
S1. 2004 =? [available on DVD]

MTV's unscripted soap opera chronicles an inseparable clique of eight teenagers living in the swank seaside community of Laguna Beach, Calif., where love triangles, duplicity and small-town biases sometimes eclipse the teens' affluence, airbrushed good looks and seemingly cushy existence. DVD extras include deleted scenes, interviews with the cast, music videos, casting tapes, a sneak preview of the second season and more.

S2. 2005 =? [available on DVD]

Teen angst swells on the shores of Laguna Beach, Calif., in this Gen Y reality TV series from producers at MTV who wanted to create a real-life version of "The O.C." In the show's second season, a new crop of seniors are ruling the school and ready to graduate, led by the confident queen bee Kristen, who has her eye on the dreamy Stephen. A few regulars from Season 1 -- including Lo and Dieter -- also stop by to swap tales about college life.

S3. ?
48. Last Comic Standing [US; ?; ?; 2006]
s1. 2006 =?

49. The Law Firm [US; NBC; Roy Black; 2005]
S1. 2005 =? [watched first two episodes; then it was pulled and shown on cable]
50. Manor House [US; PBS; ?; 2003]
S1. 2003 =? [Available on DVD]

51. The Mole [US; ABC; Anderson Cooper2001-2002]
S1. 2001 =Kathryn Price was the mole; Steven Cowles Jim Morrison [watched on DVD in 2005]
S2. 2001-2 The Next Betrayal =?
52. Murder in Small Town X [US; FOX; Gary Fredo; 2001]
S1. 2001 =Angel Juarbe Jr. won over ? [watched some of it]
53. Newlyweds [US; MTV; Nick Lachey & Jessica Simpson; 2003-2005]
S1. 2003 =? [availbale on DVD]
S2. 2004 =? [available on DVD]
S3. 2005 =? [available on DVD]
54. Next Action Star [US; NBC; Tina Malave; 2004]
S1. 2004 =Sean Carrigan & Corinne Van Ryck de Groot

55. The 1900 House [UK; Ch.4; ?; 1999]
S1. 1999 =Bowler family of 6 [watched a little of it now and then] [available on DVD]
56. 1940s House [UK; Ch.4; ?; 2001]
S1. 2001 =? [available on DVD]
57. Project Greenlight [US; HBO, then Bravo; Ben Affleck & Matt Damon; 2001-2005]
S1. 2001-2 ='Stolen Summer' [available on DVD]
S2. 2003 ='The Battle of Shaker Heights' [avaialble on DVD]
S3. 2005 ='Feast' [available on DVD]
58. Project Runway [US; Bravo; Heidi Klum; 2004-2006]
S1. 2004-5 =Jay McCarroll [available on DVD]
S2. 2005-6 =Chloe Dao [available on DVD]
S3. 2006 =? [begins on 12 Jl 06]

59. The Real Cancun [US; ?; ?; ?]
S1. ? => [available on DVD]

60. The Real World [US; MTV; no host; 1992-2006]
MTV's The Real World, which began in 1992, originated the concept of putting strangers together in the same environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued. It also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including a heavy use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact "confessionals" recorded by cast members, that serve as narration.
S1. 1992 New York [available on DVD-304 mins.] [watched it on DVD in July 2006]
In 1991, MTV changed the face of television when they selected seven young people to live in a specially designed apartment in New York City and have their every move recorded on camera. The result was a pop-cultural phenomenon that catapulted the seven participants -- all with strong personalities, quirks and unique ways of living -- to stardom as several months of their lives played out on television for all the world to see.
S2. 1993 Los Angeles
S3. 1994 San Francisco
S4. 1995 London
S5. 1996 Miami
S6. 1997 Boston
S7. 1998 Seattle
S8. 1999 Hawaii
S9. 2000 New Orleans
S10. 2001 New York [again]
S11. 2002 Chicago [highlights available on DVD]
S12. 2002 Las Vegas [highlights available on DVD] [available on DVD=556 mins.]
S13. 2003 Paris [highlights available on DVD]
S14. 2004 San Diego
S15. 2004 Philadelphia
S16. 2005 Austin
S17. 2006 Key West =now airing
61. The Regency House[US; ?; ?]
S1. ? =? [available on DVD]

62. The Restaurant [US; NBC; ?; Mark Burnett; 2003-2004]
S1. 2003 =Rocco DiSpirito's Manhattan Rocco's Restaurant [watched a little of it now and then]
S2. 2004 =Power struggle with part-owner Jeffrey Chodorow [watched a little of it now and then]
63. Rock Star INXS [US; CBS; Dave Navarro & Brooke Burke; Mark Burnett; 2005]
S1. 2005 =? [watched most of the first episode] [available on DVD]
64. Rock Star Supernova [US; ?; ?; 2006]
S1. 2006 =?
65. Rough Science [UK; BBC Two; ?; 2000-2005]
S1. 2000? =? [watched parts of an episode now and then]
S2. 2001? =? [watched parts of an pisode now and then]
S3. 2002? =? [watched parts of an episode now and then] [available on DVD]
S4. 2003? =?
S5. 2004? =?
S6. 2005 =?

66. The Scholar [US; ABC; ?; 2005]
S1. 2005 =Melissa ? over ? ? [watched the 1st episode; enjoyed it]
67. Seven Up [UK; BBC/Granada; ?; 1964]
S1. 1964-

68. The Simple Life [US; ?; ?; ?]
S1. ? =? [available on DVD]
69. Skating With Celebrities [US; FOX; Scott Hamilton & Summer Sanders; 2006]
S1. 2006 =Kristy Swanson & Lloyd Eisler over Jillian Barberie & John Zimmerman
70. So You Think You Can Dance [US; FOX; Lauren Sanchez, then Kat Deeley; 2005-2006]
S1. 2005 =Nick Lazzarini over Melody Lacayanga
S2. 2006 =Benji Schwimmer over Travis Wall

S3. 2007 =? [Contact signed for S3 in Summer 2007]
71. Suppernanny [US; ABC; Jo Frost is the nanny; 2005-2006?]
S1. 2005 =? [watched two episodes] [available on DVD]
72. Survivor [US; CBS; Jeff Probst; Mark Burnett; 2000-2006]
S1. 2000 Palau Tiga (Borneo) =Richard Hatch 4/3 over Kelly Wigglesworth [available on DVD]
S2. 2001 Australia =Tina Wesson 4/3 over Colby Donaldson [available on DVD]
S3. 2001-2 Africa =Ethan Zonn 5/2 over Kim Johnson
S4. 2002 Marqueses =Vecepia Towery 4/3 over Neleh Dennis
S5. 2002 Thailand =Brian Heidik 4/3 over Jan Gentry
S6. 2003 Amazon =Jenna Morasca 6/1 over Matthew von Erdsfelda
S7. 2003 Pearl Islands =Sandra Diaz-Twine 6/1 over Lillian Morris [available on DVD]
S8. 2004 All-Stars =Amber Brkich 4/3 over Rob Mariano [available on DVD]
S9. 2004 Vanuatu =Chris Daugherty 5/2 over Twila Tanner [available on DVD]
S10. 2005 Palau =Tom Weston 6/1 over Katie Gallagher [available on DVD]
S11. 2005 Guatamala =Danni Boatwright 6/1 over Stephenie LaGrossa
S12. 2006 Panama =Aras Baskauskas 5/2 over Daniell DiLorenzo
S13. 2006 Cook Islands =?

S13. 2007 Fiji
73. Sylvania Waters [Australia; ?; ?; 1992-]

In 1992, Australia saw Sylvania Waters, about the nouveau riche Baker-Donaher family of Sydney.
Sylvania Waters was an Australian reality television series which followed the lives of an Australian family. Though there had been previous documentary television series following the lives of real people and families (notably An American Family in 1973), Sylvania Waters seemed to start a new trend for this sort of programming. The show premiered on Australian television in 1992 and was co-produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The show documented the lives of Noeline Baker and Laurie Donaher over a six-month period emphasising the couple's newfound wealth and luxurious lifestyle as well as interpersonal conflicts.
S1. 1992-
74. Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour [US; ?; ?; 1948-]
S1. 1948-
75. Temptation Island [US; FOX; Mark L. Walberg; 2001-2003]
S1. 2001 =?
S2. 2001 =?
S3. 2003 =? [watched a little of it now and then]

76. Trading Spaces [US; TLC; Alex McLeod, then Paige Davis; 2000-2006?]
S1. 2000
S2. 2001
S3. 2002
S4. 2003
S5. 2004
S6. 2005
S7. 2006?
77. Trading Spouses [US; FOX; ?; 2004-2006]
S1. 2004 =? [watched a little of it once]
S2. 2006 =?
78. Treasure Hunters [US; NBC; Laird Macintosh; 2006]
S1. 2006 =Team Geniuses (Charles, Francis, Sam) won over Team Air Force and Team Southie Boys
79. Truth or Consequences [US; ?; ?; 1950-]
S1. 1950-

79b. Veronica Mars
80. Who Wants To Be a Millionaire [US; ABC; Regis Philbin; 2000-]
S1. 2000 =? [watched bits of it now and then]
81. Who Wants to Marry My Dad [US; NBC; ?; 2003-2004]
S1. 2003 =?
S2. 2004 =Marty Okland chose Stacy Leutner over Suzanna Penny
82. Wickedly Perfect [US; CBS; Joan Lunden; 2005]
S1. 2005 =Kimmberly Kennedy over Mitch Pennell [watched much of it]
83. Wife Swap [UK; Ch.4; ?; 2002]
S1. 2002 =?
84. Wife Swap [US; ABC; ?; 2004-2005]
S1. 2004-5? =? [watched 8 episodes: Pitt & Pollichio; Spolansky & Bradley; Smoak & Beaver; Donahoe & Baker; Ghani & Stallone; Smith & Weiner; Reimer & Bittner; and Harris & Van Noy.
S2. 2005?-6? =?

85. The Will [US; CBS; ?; 2005]
S1. 2005 =? [watched the 1st episode and enjoyed it some; then it was moved to cable?]
.
.
.

23. WWII Escapes from German POW Camps

2006-06-22T14:14:00.000-07:00

WWII Escapes from Germany POW Camps

1. Oflag IV C (Colditz, in Saxony) - many got home

2. Stalag Luft I (Barth)

3. Stalag Luft III (Sagan, in Upper Silesia, now Poland)

East Compound - "The Wooden Horse" - 3 got home
1.
2.
3.

Center Compound -

North Compound - "The Great Escape" - 3 got home
1.
2.
3.

South Compound -
West Compound - no home runs
Beleria Compound - no home runs

22. 'Lost' and 'The Stand'

2006-05-21T07:05:00.000-07:00

"The writers and creators of Lost have specifically stated on several occasions that Stephen King's 1977 [c1978] novel The Stand never leaves the writer's room. On podcasts and in interviews, Abrams, Lindelof, and Cuse repeatedly hint at the importance of the book, its characters, and storyline. "We took The Stand," Cuse has insisted, for example, "and put it on the island." Lynnette Porter and David Lavery, Unlocking the Meaning of Lost: An Unauthorized Guide, p. 130.

- -

Lost / The Stand

Jack Shephard / Stuart Redman
John Locke / Glen Bateman and Trashcan Man
Kate Austen / Nadine Cross

Claire Littleton / Frannie Goldsmith

Charlie Pace / Larry Inderwood and Harold Lauder

Shannon Rutherford / Rita Blakemore

Rose / Mother Abigail and Mr. Eko

Walt Lloyd Porter / Joe-Leo

- -

A list of works out there that have probably influenced Lost:

1. The Stand

2. The Stand miniseries

3. Survivor
4. Heart of Darkness

5. Lord of the Flies
6. The Turn of the Screw

7. Alice in Wonderland
8. The Twilight Zone

9. Buffy the Vampire Slayer
10. Twin Peaks

11. Gilligan's Island
12. Watership Down

13. Angel

14. The X-Files

15. Robinson Crusoe

16. Lost Horizon

17. The Third Policeman
18. The Langoliers

19. A Wrinkle in Time

20. Firefly

21. Alias

22. Jurassic Park

23. Cast Away
24. The Adventures of Briscoe County, Jr.

21. 'Lost' on TV "4 8 15 16 23 42"

2006-04-18T14:16:00.000-07:00

Who's left on Lost, and who's been lost on Lost?

Spoiler Warning!

Note: "4 8 15 16 23 42" contains "8 15", as in 'Oceanic Flight 815'.

So far, 51 of the 72 crash survivors have been identified, at least in part:
1. Aaron Littleton - Claire's newborn baby
2. Ann Lucia Cortez - tailie
3. Barbara Joanna Miller - 8th lost
4. Bernard - tailie
5. "Blonde guy" - tailie - taken by the Others 1
6. Boone Carlyle - 14 - 11th lost
7. Charlie Pace - 14
8. Cindy - tailie - only flight crew survivor - taken by the Others?
9. Claire Littleton - 14
10. Craig - tailie - SOS recruit
11. "Curley-haired guy" - tailie - taken by the Others 2
12. Donald - tailie - 7th lost
13. Edward Mars - US Marshal - 3rd lost
14. Eli - tailie - taken by the Others
15. Emma - tailie - Zack's sister - taken by the Others 3
16. "German guy" - tailie - taken by the Others 4
17. Hugo "Hurley" Reyes - 14
18. Jack Shephard - 14
19. Jim - tailie - taken by the Others 5
20. Jin-Soo Kwon - 14
21. John Locke - 14
22. Kate Austen - 14
23. Lance - skinny guy said Hurley
24. Leslie Artz - 12th lost
25. Libby - tallie
26. Michael Dawson - 14
27. 'Mr. Eko' - tailie
28. Nancy - tailie - taken by the Others 6
29. Nathan - 9th lost
30. Neil - tailie - SOS recruit
31. Pilot - 2nd lost
32. Richard - tailie - SOS recruit
33. Rose - knows her hubby is alive
34. Sawyer (James Ford) - 14
35. Sayid Jarrah - 14
36. Scott Jackson - 10th lost
37. Shannon Rutherford - 14 - 13th lost
38. Steve Jenkins - tailie - SOS recruit
39. Sullivan - treated by Jack for heat rash
40. Sun Kwon - 14
41. Tailie 1 - 4th lost
42. Tailie 2 - 5th lost
43. Tailie 3 - 6th lost
44. Tailie 4 - taken by the Others 7
45. Tailie 5 - taken by the Others 8
46. Tailie 6 - taken by the Others 9
47. Tailie 7 - taken by the Others 10
48. Tracy - message in a bottle
49. "Turbine Man" - 1st lost
50. Walter Lloyd Porter - 14 - taken by the Others
51. Zack - tailie - Emma's brother - taken by the Others 11
52.
53.
54
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.

The major characters:
Season 1:
1. Shannon Rutherford * died Ep ???
2. Boone Carlyle * died Ep 118
3. Hugo "Hurley" Reyes
4. Claire Littleton
5. Charlie Pace
6. Walt Lloyd
7. Michael Dawson
8. Sayid Jarrah
9. Jin-Soo Kwon
10. Sun Kwon
11. John Locke
12. Sawyer
13. Kate Ryan
14. Jack Shephard
Season 2:
1. Ana Lucia Cortez
2. Libby

Season 1:
1.1. Pilot Episode, Part I - 22 Sep 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Jack?]
1. "Turbine Man" sucked into still-running engine. 49 survivors are left.
2. Aircraft pilot of Flight #815 by the "monster". 48 survivors are left.

1.2. Pilot Episode, Part II - 22 Sep 2004, Wed.:
[Background on ?]

1.3. Episode 101: "Tubula Rasa" - 06 Oct 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Kate]
3. The wounded US Marshal Edward Mars mercy killed by Jack. 47 survivors are left.

1.4. Episode 102: "Walkabout" - 13 Oct 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Locke?]

1.5. Episode 103: "White Rabbit" - 20 Oct 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Jack]
4. Barbara Joanna Miller swept out to sea while swimming. 46 survivors are left.

1.6. Episode 104: "House of the Rising Sun" - 27 Oct 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Jin and Sun]

1.7. Episode 105: "The Moth" - 03 Nov 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Charlie]

1.8. Episode 106: "Confidence Man" - 10 Nov 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Sawyer]

1.9. Episode 107: "Solitary" -17 Nov 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Sayid]

1.10. Episode 108: "Raised by Another": 01 Dec 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Claire]

1.11. Episode 109: "All the Best Cowboy's Have Daddy Issues" - 08 Dec 2004, Wed.:
[Background on Jack II]

1.12. Episode 110: "Whatever the Case May Be" - 05 Jan 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Kate]

1.13. Episode 111: "Hearts and Minds" - 12 Jan 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Shannon and Boone]

1.14. Episode 112: "Special" - 19 Jan 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Michael and Walt]

1.15. Episode 113: "Homecoming" - 09 Feb 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Charlie]
5. Scott Jackson murdered by Ethan Rom. 45 survivors are left.
x. Ethan Rom murdered by Charlie Pace. Not on the plane.

1.16. Episode 114: "Outlaws" - 16 Feb 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Sawyer]

1.17. Episode 115: "...In Translation" - 23 Feb 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Jin]

1.18. Episode 116: "Numbers" - 02 Mar 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Hurley]

1.19. Episode 117: "Deus ex Machina" - 30 Mar 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Locke]

1.20. Episode 118: "Do No Harm" - 06 Apr 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Locke]
6. Boone Carlye died of crushing injuries. 44 survivors are left.

1.21. Episode 119: "The Greater Good" - 04 May 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Sayid]

1.22. Episode 120: "Born to Run" - 11 May 2005, Wed.:
[Background on Kate]

1.23. Episode 121: "Exodus Part One" - 18 May 2005, Wed.:
[Background on ?]

1.24. Episode 122: "Exodus Part Two" - 25 May 2005, Wed.:
[Background on ?]
7. Dr. Leslie Artz died when dynamite he was holding exploded. 43 survivors are left.

Season 2:
2.1. "Man of Science, Man of Faith" - 21 Sep 2005, Wed.:

2.2. "Adrift" - 28 Sep 2005, Wed.:

2.3. "Orientation" - 05 Oct 2005, Wed.:

2.4. "Everybody Hates Hugo" - 12 Oct 2005, Wed.:

2.5. "... And Found" - 19 Oct 2005, Wed.:

2.6. "Collision" - 09 Nov 2005, Wed.:

2.7. "The Other 48 Days" - 16 Nov 2005, Wed.:

2.8. "Collision" - 23 Nov 2005, Wed.:

2.9. "What Kate Did" - 30 Nov 2005, Wed.:

2.10. "The 23rd Palm" - 11 Jan 2006, Wed.:

2.11. "The Hunting Party" - 18 Jan 2006, Wed.:

2.12. "Fire + Water" - 25 Jan 2006, Wed.:

2.13. "The Long Con" - 08 Feb 2006, Wed.:

2.14. "One of Them" - 15 Feb 2006, Wed.:

2.15. "

20. Colditz Castle: Who Escaped!

2006-04-15T13:15:00.000-07:00

How many mostly Western Allied POWs escaped from Colditz (Oflag IV C) during WWII? That depends on who compiled the postwar list, and apparently, what constituted a successful escape, and from where, as well as to where. The shortest list named just 16, while the longest list (mine) proposes a maximum of 46.

I have taken the liberty of subdividing each list up into groups, based on where they escaped from, as this was sometimes a reason for their inclusion or omission. All seven list makers, and their often varied results, follow.

1. Georg Martin Schädlich listed 16. He was a WWII Colditz unteroffizier guard and diarist. In 1992 his grandson, Thomas Schädlich, published Colditzer Schloßgeschichten: Die Geschichte des Oflag IV C in Colditz nach dem Tagebuch des Georg Martin Schädlich. The list appeared on page 83 of the German language edition, and on page 82 of the English language edition.
A. Escaped from behind the stone walls of Colditz castle itself [8]:
1. Neave
2. Luteijn
3. Fowler
4. van Doorninck
5. Reid
6. Wardle
7. Stephens
8. Littledale
B. Escaped from within the grounds of Colditz castle [4]:
9. Mairesse-Lebrun
10. Larive
11. Steinmetz
12. Giebel
C. Escaped from the town of Colditz [3]:
13. Durand-Hornus
14. de Frondeville
15. Prot
D. Escaped from hospital, prison, or cell, but while still on the Colditz roster [1]:
16. Paddon

2. Winston G. Ramsey listed 18. He was editor of After the Battle: Colditz (magazine issue number 63), which was published in 1989 by "Battle of Britain Prints International". The list appeared on page 18.
A. Escaped from behind the stone walls of Colditz castle itself [8]:
1. Neave
2. Luteijn
3. Fowler
4. van Doorninck
5. Reid
6. Wardle
7. Stephens
8. Littledale
B. Escaped from within the grounds of Colditz castle [7]:
9. Le Ray
10. Collin
11. Mairesse-Lebrun
12. Larive
13. Steinmetz
14. Giebel
15. Drijber
C. Escaped from within the town of Colditz [3]:
16. Durand-Hornus
17. de Frondeville
18. Prot

3. Reinhold Eggers described 20 (out of 31 total). He was the WWII Colditz Colditz Duty and Security Officer, and postwar author, who published Colditz: The German Story in 1961. Eggers stated on page 63 that 15 "made the home run", that 15 "got safely to freedom" on page 109 in 1942, and on pages 136-137 that Millar disappeared in 1944. Page numbers here are from the English language "London: Robert Hale, 1991" paperback edition.
A. Escaped from behind the stone walls of Colditz castle itself [9]:
1. Neave
2. Luteijn
3. Fowler
4. van Doorninck
5. Reid
6. Wardle
7. Stephens
8. Littledale
9. Millar
B. Escaped from within the grounds of Colditz castle [7]:
10. Le Ray
11. Collin
12. Mairesse-Lebrun
13. Larive
14. Steinmetz
15. Giebel
16. Drijber
C. Escaped from the town of Colditz [3]:
17. Durand-Hornus
18. de Frondeville
19. Prot
D. Escaped from a hospital, prison, or cell, but while still on the Colditz roster [1]:
20. Paddon

4. P.R. [Patrick Robert] Reid listed 31. He was a WWII POW at Colditz until his successful escape in October 1942. Postwar, he wrote The Colditz Story (1952), Men of Colditz (1953), and then combined his first two books into Escape from Colditz (date unknown). Later he wrote Colditz: The Full Story (1984), which is my principle source. For page numbers see #7 below.
A. Escaped from behind the stone walls of Colditz castle itself [10]:
1. Neave
2. Luteijn
3. Fowler
4. van Doorninck
5. Reid
6. Wardle
7. Stephens
8. Littledale
9. Millar
10. Elliott
B. Escaped from within the grounds of Colditz castle [7]:
11. Le Ray
12. Collin
13. Mairesse-Lebrun
14. Larive
15. Steinmetz
16. Giebel
17. Drijber
C. Escaped from the town of Colditz [4]:
18. Tatischeff
19. Durand-Hornus
20. de Fronteville
21. Prot
D. Escaped from a hospital, prison, or cell, but while still on the Colditz roster [8]:
22. Kroner
23. Boucheron
24. Odry
25. Navelet
26. Remy
27. Paddon
28. Rouillez
29. Darthenay
E. Escaped as Colditz 'alumni' after transfer to another POW camp [2]:
30. Hammond
31. Lister

5. Unknown author(s) listed 31. This list is from the 'Colditz' article in wikipedia.com as it appears now in April 2006.
A. Escaped from behind the stone walls of Colditz castle itself [9]:
1. Neave
2. Luteijn
3. Fowler
4. van Doorninck
5. Reid
6. Wardle
7. Stephens
8. Littledale
9. Millar
B. Escaped from within the grounds of Colditz castle [7]:
10. Le Ray
12. Collin
13. Mairesse-Lebrun
14. Steinmetz
15. Larive
16. Giebel
17. Drijber
C. Escaped from the town of Colditz [3]:
18. Durand-Hornus
19. de Frondeville
20. Prot
D. Escaped from a hospital, prison, or cell, but while still on the Colditz roster [7]:
21. Boucheron
22. Odry
23. Navelet
24. Remy
25. Paddon
26. Bouillez
27. Darthenay
E. Escaped as Colditz 'alunmi' after transfer to another POW camp [4]:
28. van Lijnden
29. Hammond
30. Lister
31. Mazumdar

6. Henry Chancellor counted 32, but listed 37. Based mostly on interviews, Chancellor's book, Colditz: The Untold Story of World War II's Great Escapes was published in 2001. His "List of Escape Attempts" appeared on pages 393-404 of his "New York: William Morrow, 2001" edition. I have put an asterick [*] next to the names of the five Chancellor listed as escaping, but he didn't count as a "Home Run".
A. Escaped from behind the stone walls of Colditz castle itself [13]:
1. Neave
2. Luteyn
3. Fowler
4. van Doorninck
5. Reid
6. Wardle
7. Stephens
8. Littledale
9. Millar *
10. Elliott
11. Flinn [Flynn]
12. Barnett
13. Wynn
B. Escaped from within the grounds of Colditz castle [7]:
14. Le Ray
15. Collin
16. Mairesse-Lebrun
17. Larive
18. Steinmetz
19. Giebel
20. Drijber
C. Escaped from the town of Colditz [4]:
21. Tatistcheff
22. Durand-Hornus
23. de Frondeville
24. Prot
D. Escaped from a hospital, prison, or cell, but while still on the Colditz roster [8]:
25. Kroner
26. Boucheron
27. Odry
28. Navelet
29. Remy
30. Paddon
31. Bouillez
32. Darthenay
E. Escaped as Colditz 'alumni' after transfer to another POW camp [5]:
33. Hammond *
34. Lister *
35. Mazumdar *
36. Ferguson *
37. van Lynden

7. I listed 46. I drew up a list of everyone who successfully escaped based especially on Reid's Colditz: The Full Story [C], but also on Reid's Escape from Colditz [E] for three more successful escapers not credited in Reid's Colditz: The Full Story, and three more yet in Chancellor's Colditz: The Untold Story of World War II's Great Escapes [Ch].
Page numbers here for Colditz: The Full Story are from the "New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984" edition. Page numbers here for Escape from Colditz are from the "Philadelphia and New York: J.B. Lippincott, [No date]" edition. Page numbers here for Chancellor's Colditz are from "New York: William Morrow, 2001" edition.
A. Escaped from behind the stone walls of Colditz castle itself [13]:
1. Neave [C, 111-115, 327]
2. Luteijn [C, 111-115, 331]
3. Fowler [C, 162-165, 327]
4. van Doorninck [C, 162-165, 331]
5. Reid [C, 171-175, 327]
6. Wardle [C, 171-175, 327]
7. Stephens [C, 171-175, 327]
8. Littledale [C, 171-175, 327]
9. Millar [C, 219-220, 327]
10. Barnett [E, 277]
11. Elliott [C, 231-235, 327]
12. Flinn [Flynn] [Ch, 403]
13. Wynn [Ch, 403]
B. Escaped from within the grounds of Colditz castle [7]:
14. Le Ray [C, 46-49, 331]
15. Collin [C, 57, 331]
16. Mairesse-Lebrun [C, 63-64, 332]
17. Larive [C, 77-80, 331]
18. Steinmetz [C, 77-80, 331]
19. Giebel [C, 89-92, 331]
20. Drijber [C, 89-92, 331]
C. Escaped from the town of Colditz [4]:
21. Tatischeff [C, 68, 332]
22. Durand-Hornus [C, 105-106, 332]
23. de Frondeville [C, 105-106, 332]
24. Prot [C, 105-106, 332]
D. Escaped from a hospital, prison, or cell, but while still on the Colditz roster [8]:
25. Kroner [C, 83, 330]
26. Boucheron [C, 332]
27. Odry [C, 100, 332]
28. Navelet [C, 100, 332]
29. Remy [C, 144-146, 332]
30. Paddon [C, 147-148, 327]
31. Bouillez [C, 144, 332]
32. Darthenay [C, 203, 332]
E. Escaped as Colditz 'alumni' after transfer to another POW camp [14]:
33. Hammond [C, 175-176, 327]
34. Lister [C, 175-176, 327]
35. Perrin [C, 252-253]
36. Pszczolkowski [C, 213]
37. Ziminski [C, 213-214]
38. Douw van der Krap [C, 222]
39. Kruimink [C, 222]
40. Besson-Guyard [C, 50]
41. Warisse [C, 50]
42. van Lijnden [E, 450]
43. Fraser [E, 452]
44. Mazumdar [C, 184]
45. Romilly [C, 279-285]
46. Ferguson [Ch, 401]

This article is still "Under Construction", and there will be more to come.

19. Colditz Castle: Tour 2, Exterior, North Side & West Side

2006-04-10T13:53:00.000-07:00

My May 1998 vacation trip to Germany.

We'll circle the rest of the way around the exterior of Colditz castle in a counterclockwise direction in Part Two here until we end up back at the entry house again.

Colditz castle north side:

F. Since there isn't an aerial view of Colditz castle from the north, we'll reuse this view from the north-east.

G. And offer this view of the north face facade (from a hill to the north and north-east) that is about the same height as the promontory rock that Colditz was built on.

62. Looking roughly east-south-east from the service road along the north side of Colditz castle. That is the north-east tower on the left, and above on the right was where the WWII long, narrow storage shed sat till it was torn down sometime after the war.

63. A wider view from an almost identical photo looking east-south-east better shows where the WWII long, narrow storage shed roof-line once connected to the north face facade of the castle.

64. This time looking west-south-west at the north-west corner tower. Comparing this photo above with the one above this one it is clearer (than mud) where the two photos overlap. Again, one can see where the WWII long, narrow storage shed attached to the north face facade of the castle.

65. The very steep steps up the north retaining wall to where the WWII long, narrow storage shed once stood. We are looking almost due south.

66. and 67. Two almost identical photos, that look almost due east, at the top of those steep steps here show the former shed floor from the top of the steep stairs where the WWII long, narrow storage shed once stood.

These above are all the photos of the short north face facade of the castle. The north-west tower will be included with the tour of the west face of Colditz castle, which begins now.

Colditz castle west side:

H. This view from the south-west is of the west side of Colditz castle is far more help for the south end of the west side of the castle than it is for the north end where we are starting with the north-west corner tower. The WWII guardhouse is the building unit furthest to the left. The north-west tower's cone-shaped tip top is just barely identifiable just above the peak of the WWII guardhouse roof.

I. This floor plan is more useful in that it shows the north-west corner tower as the dark circle on the lower left, and to its righ, the dark rectangle of the WWII guardhouse reaching furthest out from the castle's west side. North is to the left on this map.

68. The north-west corner tower is seen here looking roughly south at the WWII guardhouse on the right.

69. A close up of the top of the north-west corner WWII guardhouse with part of the north face facade on the left and a little of the west face facade on the right. We are looking about south-east here.

70. The north face of the WWII guardhouse is on the right. The upper terrace with railing is above the white wall. We are looking roughly south-east here. The grass lawn in the foreground was a garden previously. Note the abort shaft on the far right of the WWII guardhouse.

71. Looking east and straight up at the WWII guardhouse west facade. That is the abort shaft on the right.

72. Looking south through the gateway that sits right at the north-west corner of the WWII guardhouse. Just past the thick tree truck on the left is where I looked straight up and took photo 71, with the white pipe visible in both photos.

73. Still looking south at that gateway from up closer reveals the stout retaining wall that starts just beyond. This was a far as I dared walk to the south. Beyond here there was no safe path for me to follow. It was slippery after the recent rain, and the drop off to the right was quite steep down to the houses along the street below.

[This article is still "Under Construction".]

18. Colditz Castle: Chronology/History

2006-04-09T08:51:00.000-07:00

From Prehistoric Times through 2006!

BC: Prehistoric Times:

Hunters and gatherers were attracted to the mild and fertile Elbe river valley. Colditz will much later be founded roughly where the last "n" in Thuringian Basin is located. Image credit: Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, p. 3. ^

Prehistoric Saxony was the site of some of the largest of the ancient Central European monumental temples, dating from the 5th millennium BC. Text credit: wikipedia.

Notable archeological sites have been discovered in Dresden, and the village of Aythra near Leipzig. Text credit: wikipedia.

Before 100 BC - until 50 BC:

Areas inhabited by pre-migration period Germanic tribes from before between 100 BC and 50 BC (show in bright red and in bright orange) included the future site of Colditz.

BC: 49 - 1:

17 BC: Augustus understood that the Rhine frontier was still unstable and sent his adoptive sons Drusus and Tiberius to the north, where they had to pacify the tribes that were living between the Alps, Rhine and Elbe.

9 BC: This campaign was repeated in 9. One tribe, the Marcomanni, was so impressed, that its king Marbod decided to migrate with his people to Bohemia, far away from the Roman arms. In the summer, Drusus reached the river Elbe.

AD: 001 - 100 (The 1st century):

004: Although the Roman possessions on the east bank of the Rhine were not clearly defined, the region was tranquil, and remained so for the next decade and a half. At the beginning of our era, a general named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus even crossed the Elbe, and in 4 CE, Augustus decided that Germania had to become a normal province. Again, Tiberius was sent to the north. The army of Germania Inferior marched from the mouth of the Rhine through the inland to the sources of the Lippe, where a camp was built at Anreppen. Next year, the navy brought the legions to the mouth of the Elbe, and Tiberius marched along the river until he had reached the area of modern Dresden. (We have an eyewitness-account in the Roman History of Velleius Paterculus.)

005 - 006: The only part between the Elbe, Rhine and Danube that remained unconquered was the kingdom of Marbod, the leader of the Marcomanni. In the winter of 5/6, the army of Germania Superior marched to the east along the river Main and built a large base at Marktbreit. From here, two legions could attack Marbod; at the same time, Tiberius would march to the north from the Danube, where eight legions were gathered at Bratislava. It was to be the most grandiose operation that was ever conducted by a Roman army, but a rebellion in Pannonia obstructed its execution. Tiberius was occupied for three years until he had suppressed the insurrection.

009: Meanwhile, the army of Germania Inferior was commanded by Publius Quinctilius Varus, one of the most important senators of his age and a personal friend of Augustus. He had to make a normal province of the the country between the Lower Rhine and Lower Elbe, and had some success. However he was defeated by the Cheruscan leader Arminius in the battle in the Teutoburg Forest (September 9 CE). The Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth legions were annihilated, and the Sixteenth Legion Gallica and I Germanica moved to the north to help V Alaudae secure the Rhine frontier.

The Elbe has long been an important delineator of European geography. The Romans knew the river as the Albis; however, they only attempted once to move the Eastern border of their empire forward from the Rhine to the Elbe, and this attempt failed in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, after which they never seriously tried again. Text credit: wikipedia.

009 -011: During the next three years, Tiberius was active on the east bank of the Rhine (he had only just suppressed the Pannonian revolt). Until then, about six legions had guarded the frontier; from now on, there were eight. The army of Germania Superior consisted of II Augusta, XIII Gemina, XIV Gemina, and XVI Gallica; I Germanica, V Alaudae, XX Valeria Victrix, and XXI Rapax were stationed in Germania Inferior. Diplomacy secured the alliance between the Romans and the Frisians and Chauci, but Arminius was able to create a federation of tribes. In 9, 10, and 11, Tiberius invaded Arminius' territory, but he did not want to reconquer the country between Rhine and Elbe: the Romans merely wanted to avenge themselves. It is likely that the construction of the Roman fort at Vechten is connected to this offensive.

012: In 12, Tiberius decided that it was enough, and accepted that the Rhine was the border of the Roman empire. He understood the Germans: left to their own, the federation of Arminius would soon disintegrate.

014 - 016: Two years later, Tiberius succeeded Augustus and became emperor. General Germanicus (a son of Drusus) now commanded the army of Germania Inferior. In 14, 15, and 16, he invaded the country between the Rhine and Elbe again, and was able to defeat Arminius in battle. The fort at Velsen was built as a naval base to support the attack. However, the renewed Roman attacks only served to strengthen Arminius' position, and Tiberius recalled his nephew. A few years later, the Germanic leader was assassinated.

028: From this moment on, Germania Inferior was only a small province: a small stretch of land to the southwest of the Lower Rhine, with the country of the Frisians and Chauci as an appendix. In 28, these tribes revolted, and although the Fifth legion Alaudae was able to overcome the rebels (tesxt), Tiberius gave up all territories on the other side of the Rhine. Germania Inferior was to remain an incomplete province.

The Hermondvri [Hermunduri] people (show in brown)) occupied the region where Colditz would much later be founded. They were outside of the Roman Empire, shown in pink in this orientation map. Image credit: website. ^

"The Hermunduri (alternate spellings: Hermunduri, Hermunduli, Hermonduri, Hermonduli) were an ancient tribe of Germanic peoples who occupied the area around what is now Thuringia, Saxony, and Northern Bavaria, from roughly around 1 AD to 400 AD." Text Credit: wikipedia.

Just barely visible above the "o" in Hermondvri are the two hairlines that show the confluence of the Zwickauer Mulde and the Freiberger Mulda rivers. A few miles south of that confluence and on the left bank is where Colditz would much later be founded. Image credit: website. ^

The oldest seats of the Hermondvri people were located between the Thuringian Forest, the Ore Mountains, the Harz river, and the Black Elster river. Their area of settlement was north of a line from Eisenach west to Dresden. Text credit: website.

9: The Romans knew the river [Elbe] as the Albis; however, they only attempted once to move the Eastern border of their empire forward from the Rhine to the Elbe, and this attempt failed in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, after which they never seriously tried again. Text credit: wikpedia.

101 to 200 (The 2nd century):Another orientation map, since the Roman Empire had grown, but it still didn't and never would, include the Hermondvri lands. Image credit: website. ^

The Hermondvri were still in the same location for another century, but the Vandali to their east had moved closer to them. Image credit: website. ^

201 - 300 (The 3rd century):

Orientation map showed Germanic frontier borders the same as they were in the previous century. Image credit: website. ^

This century saw the Hermondvri joined with the Hermvndvringi, but with a question mark, and the Vandali shifted back further east. Image credit: website. ^

301 - 400 (The 4th Century):

Orientation map showed Germanic incursions along the northern frontier, especially by the Alamanni. Image credit: website. ^

And through all these nearby changes and movements of Germanic tribes all around them, the Hermondvri/Hermvndvringi combination still sat right on top of Colditz's future location. Image credit:website. ^

395: The Western Roman Empire in 395. ^

401 - 500 (The 5th Century):

Orientation map showed the major changes of the 5th century with Rome's "Fall". Image credit: website. ^

Still, through it all so far, the Hermondvri/Hermvndvringi held on in the Colditz area. Image credit: website. ^

450 - 452: Major invasion routes of the Huns (450-452) shown in green. Image credit: Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, p. 6. ^

450 - 453: Under Attila the Huns ravaged large parts of east central and western Europe. Text credit: Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, p. 7.

476: The 'end' of the Roman Empire. Image credit: website. ^

501 - 600 (The 6th Century):

The 'Barbarian' overview. Image credit: website. ^

The Regnvm Tvringorvm [Thuringians] finally replaced the Hermondvri/Hermvndvringi in the Colditz area after about 450? years. Image credit: website. ^

511 - 561: Frankish lands. Image credit: website. ^

526: The Frankish Kingdom, with the Thuringians just beyond Frankish reach and control to the east. Image credit: website ^

601 - 700 (The 7th Century):

Slavic expansion moved across the Oder river to the west in the 7th and/or 8th century. Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, p. 6. ^

701 - 800 (The 8th century):